Civilians under fire: evacuation behaviour in north Israel during the Second Lebanon War

This paper seeks to understand evacuation behaviour in a case of spontaneous evacuation. During the Second Lebanon War of 2006, more than one‐third of residents in north Israel spontaneously evacuated—the remainder stayed in situ. Using a telephone survey of 665 respondents residing in north Israel, we were able to characterise the behaviour of evacuees and non‐evacuees. The main reasons cited for evacuating were fear of injury to self or family, the effect on children, inability to remain in a protective space, and family pressure. The main reasons cited for remaining at home were no suitable alternative, did not perceive a high level of danger, had to go to work, and there is no place like home. There were no significant differences with regard to most socio‐demographic characteristics of the population. These findings should aid emergency managers in preparing the population for a future emergency and in engaging in effective dialogue with the population during an emergency on the evacuation option.     

基于SWOT和战略地图分析的企业OHS战略制定与描述

职业健康安全（OHS）工作是企业生产与经营管理的重要保障,OHS战略是企业运营战略的一个重要组成部分。为促进OHS战略管理,运用SWOT分析法和战略地图法制定和描述企业OHS战略。采用SWOT分析方法,从优势、劣势、机会和威胁等方面分析企业OHS工作的发展态势,实现策略定位。基于战略管理理论,结合策略分析结论,提出企业的OHS战略。为促进战略执行,采用战略地图分析方法,从财务、客户、内部业务流程、学习与成长等维度进一步描述OHS战略规划。研究结果表明,结合SWOT分析法和战略地图分析法的优点,可对企业OHS发展态势进行客观预测以利于提出合理的OHS战略目标,并可对OHS战略进行详细分解以促进战略执行。以Z公司为实例详细阐述企业OHS战略制定的流程与思路,有助于企业OHS战略实施。     

OECD鱼类生物蓄积测试的优化策略研究

作为化学品风险管理中的重要环境行为参数,生物蓄积性不仅是分类、标签、评价和控制环境风险的基本指标,也是鉴别化学物质持久性和环境危害性的重要标准。2012年OECD颁布了新的生物蓄积测试方法,由此给生物蓄积优化策略带来了全新的挑战,原有的判别优化策略的方法需要作出新的发展与调整。针对新生物蓄积测试方法引发的优化策略挑战,通过层次研究及文献分析,归纳了基于OECD新305生物蓄积测试标准的优化测试策略,为优化、简化测试及化学品安全管理提供了科学基础。     

Mapping Change in Human Pressure Globally on Land and within Protected Areas

It is widely accepted that the main driver of the observed decline in biological diversity is increasing human pressure on Earth's ecosystems. However, the spatial patterns of change in human pressure and their relation to conservation efforts are less well known. We developed a spatially and temporally explicit map of global change in human pressure over 2 decades between 1990 and 2010 at a resolution of 10 km². We evaluated 22 spatial data sets representing different components of human pressure and used them to compile a temporal human pressure index (THPI) based on 3 data sets: human population density, land transformation, and electrical power infrastructure. We investigated how the THPI within protected areas was correlated to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) management categories and the human development index (HDI) and how the THPI was correlated to cumulative pressure on the basis of the original human footprint index. Since the early 1990s, human pressure increased 64% of the terrestrial areas; the largest increases were in Southeast Asia. Protected areas also exhibited overall increases in human pressure, the degree of which varied with location and IUCN management category. Only wilderness areas and natural monuments (management categories Ib and III) exhibited decreases in pressure. Protected areas not assigned any category exhibited the greatest increases. High HDI values correlated with greater reductions in pressure across protected areas, while increasing age of the protected area correlated with increases in pressure. Our analysis is an initial step toward mapping changes in human pressure on the natural world over time. That only 3 data sets could be included in our spatio‐temporal global pressure map highlights the challenge to measuring pressure changes over time. Mapeo del Cambio en la Presión Humana Global en Tierra y Dentro de Áreas Protegidas     

林业发展新模式:智慧林业的评述(Ⅱ)

介绍了智慧林业的概念、基本特征及形成背景、新观念,分析了数字林业、智慧林业与泛在林业的关系,阐述了中国及智慧林业发展战略,建议深入研究智慧林业定义、内涵、外延、特征、观点、问题及对策,以便形成一门崭新的科学——智慧林业科学.     

北京市区域城市化程度与颗粒物污染的相关性分析

城市化程度的提升带来严重的资源环境问题,尤其是空气污染问题,严重影响了人类的健康。大气中的PM2.5等颗粒物已经成为影响我国城市空气质量的主要污染物。现有研究多数是对于多年来多地区的宏观研究,缺乏对于典型地区的具体数据报道。通过分析北京市PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度与不同城市化程度地区的相关关系,探索城市化程度对PM2.5等颗粒物浓度的影响。选取北京市7处具有代表性空气质量监测点,于2013年7月至10月对PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度进行连续4个月的实时监测,结合《北京市区域统计年鉴》中的城市化指标数据,包括常住人口密度、地区生产总值和林木覆盖率,对数据进行变化趋势分析、Pearson相关分析和回归分析。研究结论表明：由于北京市不同区域城市化程度不同导致颗粒物污染状况不同,每个区域的PM2.5与PM10的质量浓度虽有差异但均显著相关,PM2.5的质量浓度约占PM10的质量浓度的60%,PM2.5是PM10的主要组成成分。城市化程度与PM2.5等颗粒物浓度有明显的关系,PM2.5等颗粒物浓度与地区生产总值和林木覆盖率显著相关,与地区生产总值呈正相关,与林木覆盖率呈负相关;与常住人口密度呈正相关趋势但并不显著相关。其中,PM2.5的质量浓度与地区生产总值的相关系数为0.875,与林木覆盖率的相关系数为-0.838;PM10的质量浓度与地区生产总值相关系数为0.947,与林木覆盖率相关系数为-0.775。总体来看,PM2.5等颗粒物浓度随城市化程度的提高而增加,北京市区域城市化程度与颗粒物污染情况关系明显。我国在快速发展城市化的同时,应关注环境与经济相协调。调整产业结构,增加植被绿化,控制污染源将有助于减少北京市大气中颗粒物的污染程度,为我国的城市化进程提供相应的支持和保障。     

湖北省珍稀濒危保护水禽物种多样性及种群数量

使用直接计数法和专项调查法于1996年5月～2003年7月对湖北省珍稀濒危保护水禽物种多样性和种群数量进行了研究。结果表明：湖北省珍稀濒危保护水禽有45种,隶属于6目9科24属;记录到34种,其中有黄嘴白鹭和小苇鳽2个新记录种。按区系型分,古北界种类占优势,有35种,东洋种8种,广布种2种;按季节型分,冬候鸟为主体,有30种,夏候鸟8种,旅鸟5种,留鸟2种;按生活型分,涉禽23种,游禽22种,种类几乎相等。种群数量为41.1796万只。在45种珍稀水禽中,IUC红皮书水禽23种,8 247只;中国红皮书水禽22种,3 615只;CITES濒危水禽23种,40.631 6万只;国家重点保护水禽24种,3 838只。角等11种水禽未发现,可能已绝迹或极度濒危。按水禽1 %地理种群数量的标准,洪湖、沉湖、龙感湖、梁子湖、网湖等湿地可以确定为国际重要湿地。     

湖北省随县农村居民点整治现实潜力测算及整治策略——基于农户意愿的调查分析

农村居民点整治是土地整治规划的核心问题。研究采用实地调查法和多因素综合评价法,在统筹国家政策、农户意愿和建立自然-经济-社会-生态-规划综合修正指标体系的基础上,科学测算了随县各乡镇农村居民点整治现实潜力,并提出适宜整治策略。研究结果:①随县18个乡镇综合修正系数介于5.15%~9.84%之间,表明理论潜力转变为现实潜力的可能性具有较大地域差异;②2011-2020年随县农村居民点整治现实潜力为2 035.23 hm²,占理论潜力的17.80%,占现状农村居民点用地面积的10.01%;③可优先在潜力大的乡镇建立整治示范区,创新土地整治模式,有序推进农村居民点整治。该研究测算方法及整治策略具有一定的科学性和实用性,可为新一轮农村居民点整治提供更为有效的依据和参考。     

Effects of bisphenol A on Gammarus fossarum and Lumbriculus variegatus in artificial indoor streams

The impact of bisphenol A (BPA) on Gammarus fossarum and Lumbriculus variegatus was studied in four artificial indoor streams (0, 5, 50 and 500?µg?L^?1 BPA, nominal) over 103 days in a pulse–dose exposure scenario (weekly BPA application). For G. fossarum populations at day 103, the proportions of juveniles and of breeding females from the highest BPA treatment were in tendency reduced. For individually exposed gammarid pairs an EC₁₀ of 17?µg?L^?1 BPA (nominal) for the proportion of reproductive females in the fourth brood was determined. During the first three broods, the largest brood size occurred at the highest BPA concentration, whereas in the fourth brood it decreased concentration-dependently (fourth brood EC₁₀?=?5?µg?L^?1 BPA, nominal). Effects on L. variegatus were a reduced population growth (103?d-EC₁₀ of 2?µg?L^?1 BPA, nominal) and an increase in dry weight and the number of segments in large, complete worms.     

Accumulation of organochlorine insecticides in the blood of the general population of Nigeria

Gas Chromatographic determination of blood levels of organochlorine pesticides in people of Southern Nigeria is described. Among the compounds detected and quantified were the HCH‐isomers, DDT and its metabolites and dieldrin, the major pollutants being DDT, DDE and the HCH‐isomers. Delta‐HCH, HCB and Endrin were also detected in a few samples. Total DDT (DDT + DDE + DDD) ranged from 0.04–7.24 ppm, total HCH (alpha + beta + gamma) 0.08–5.64 ppm, and dieldrin 0.03–0.28 ppm.