国内外环境管制问题研究综述

环境领域越来越多的管制法规引发了人们的极大关注,众多学者从不同角度研究了这些管制措施对经济社会以及世界经济和贸易的影响.系统回顾和梳理了国内外学者围绕环境管制与企业竞争力、国际贸易和国际投资、企业环境战略等方面的研究成果,以期为国内学者提供一些研究思路.     

武陵源风景区学生市场开发现状及对策分析

通过对世界自然遗产武陵源风景区学生消费市场的调查分析,掌握武陵源风景区学生市场开发现状,对其所采取的学生市场开发策略的效果与存在的问题进行了分析,提出进一步开发学生市场的对策,为武陵源及其他风景区的学生市场开发提供一定的依据.     

基于低碳经济的天津产业结构调整战略

以低碳经济理论为指导,分析了近年来天津产业结构调整成效和存在的不足,认为天津产业结构的“高碳锁定效应”仍较明显。按照发展低碳经济的要求,提出了天津产业结构调整战略：一是加强增量控制,产业增量向第三产业倾斜,逐步“减工业化”;工业增量向高新技术产业、战略性新兴产业倾斜,逐步“降重工业化”;严格限制新增高耗能产业项目,从源...     

长柄石杉居群遗传多样性和遗传结构的AFLP分析

石杉科植物因所含石杉碱甲(Huperzine A)对中老年痴呆等具有良好疗效,近年来倍受关注.利用AFLP分子标记对武夷山脉广布种长柄石杉[Huperzia serrata(Thunb.ex Murray)Trev.var.longipetiolata(Spring)H.M.Chang]7个居群112株个体进行遗传多样性和居群遗传结构分析.选用多态性高、分辨力强的8对选择性扩增引物组合共获得675个位点,其中多态位点比例为69.38%.居群内观测等位基因数(Na)为1.633,有效等位基因数(Ne)1.493;Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)与Shannon多态性信息指数(I)的平均值分别为0.272和0.392,多样性最高为地处武夷山脉中段的泰宁居群和建宁居群,最低为山脉北段的光泽居群.居群总基因多样性(Ht)为0.327 3,居群内基因多样性(Hs)为0.272 2,居群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.168 1,表明居群内变异是长柄石杉遗传多样性的主要来源.由Gst估计,武夷山脉长柄石杉自然居群的基因流(Nm)为2.474 0.邻接树分析表明居群间遗传亲缘关系与地理位置相关.武夷山脉长柄石杉较高的遗传多样性和基因流水平表明其仍然具有相当的适应(生存)能力和进化潜力,这可能与其生物学(异交水平)、生态学特性及武夷山脉相对良好的生境条件有关.     

太湖和巢湖夏季蓝藻水华期间产毒微囊藻和非产毒微囊藻种群丰度的空间分布

应用荧光定量PCR技术对蓝藻水华暴发期间太湖和巢湖水体中产毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度的空间分布进行了研究.分别以微囊藻毒素合成基因基因家族成员mcyD和小核糖体16S rDNA序列构建定量PCR标准曲线,研究产毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度.结果表明:太湖和巢湖微囊藻种群由产毒微囊藻和非产毒微囊藻组成;蓝藻水华暴发期间,微囊藻种群组成及其丰度分布具有明显的空间差异性:太湖产毒微囊藻种群丰度为9.89×104～4.51×106 copies mL-1,产毒微囊藻占总微囊藻种群的比例为20.5%～38.1%;巢湖产毒微囊藻种群丰度为4.12×104～5.44×106 copies mL-1,其占总微囊藻种群的比例为8.4%～96.6%.总的来说,富营养化严重的湖区总微囊藻和产毒微囊藻种群丰度较高,产毒微囊藻占总微囊藻种群的比例也较高.图7表3参29     

滇池流域水污染防治规划与富营养化控制战略研究

根据滇池水污染防治的决策需求,在系统分析滇池水环境演变趋势和评估演变诱因的基础上,以流域水环境承载力方案及容量总量控制方案为基础,提出了滇池流域水污染防治中长期规划研究的方法体系,包括:问题驱动、调查诊断、规划基础、规划方案、评估调控、规划战略;提出了源头控制、工程控制和末端控制相结合的污染减排对策;通过构建3个尺度、8个分区及4个规划重点的流域污染减排集成体系及情景方案,来实现在2个规划期、3类水质目标、4种社会经济发展情景下的规划目标.在此基础上,提出了滇池富营养化控制的战略思路.     

Large-sample-size assessment of socioeconomic predictors of community-level resource management occurrence

Community-level resource management efforts are cornerstones in ensuring sustainable use of natural resources. Yet, understanding how community characteristics influence management practices remains contested. With a sample size of ≥725 communities, we assessed the effects of key community (i.e., socioeconomic) characteristics (human population size and density, market integration, and modernization) on the probability of occurrence of fisheries management practices, including gear, species, and spatial restrictions. The study was based in Solomon Islands, a Pacific Island country with a population that is highly dependent on coastal fisheries. People primarily dwell in small communities adjacent to the coastline dispersed across 6 island provinces and numerous smaller islands. We used nationally collected data in binomial logistic regression models to examine the likelihood of management occurrence, given socioeconomic context of communities. In contrast to prevailing views, we identified a positive and statistically significant association between both human population size and market integration and all 3 management practices. Human population density, however, had a statistically significant negative association and modernization a varied and limited association with occurrence of all management practices. Our method offers a way to remotely predict the occurrence of resource management practices based on key socioeconomic characteristics. It could be used to improve understanding of why some communities conduct natural resource management activities when statistical patterns suggest they are not likely to and thus improve understanding of how some communities of people beat the odds despite limited market access and high population density.     

A stochastic model for estimating sustainable limits to wildlife mortality in a changing world

Human-caused mortality of wildlife is a pervasive threat to biodiversity. Assessing the population-level impact of fisheries bycatch and other human-caused mortality of wildlife has typically relied upon deterministic methods. However, population declines are often accelerated by stochastic factors that are not accounted for in such conventional methods. Building on the widely applied potential biological removal (PBR) equation, we devised a new population modeling approach for estimating sustainable limits to human-caused mortality and applied it in a case study of bottlenose dolphins affected by capture in an Australian demersal otter trawl fishery. Our approach, termed sustainable anthropogenic mortality in stochastic environments (SAMSE), incorporates environmental and demographic stochasticity, including the dependency of offspring on their mothers. The SAMSE limit is the maximum number of individuals that can be removed without causing negative stochastic population growth. We calculated a PBR of 16.2 dolphins per year based on the best abundance estimate available. In contrast, the SAMSE model indicated that only 2.3–8.0 dolphins could be removed annually without causing a population decline in a stochastic environment. These results suggest that reported bycatch rates are unsustainable in the long term, unless reproductive rates are consistently higher than average. The difference between the deterministic PBR calculation and the SAMSE limits showed that deterministic approaches may underestimate the true impact of human-caused mortality of wildlife. This highlights the importance of integrating stochasticity when evaluating the impact of bycatch or other human-caused mortality on wildlife, such as hunting, lethal control measures, and wind turbine collisions. Although population viability analysis (PVA) has been used to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality, SAMSE represents a novel PVA framework that incorporates stochasticity for estimating acceptable levels of human-caused mortality. It offers a broadly applicable, stochastic addition to the demographic toolbox to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality on wildlife.     

Developing “precise-acting” strategies for improving anaerobic methanogenesis of organic waste: Insights from the electron transfer system of syntrophic partners

Methanogenesis is the last step in anaerobic digestion, which is usually a rate-limiting step in the biological treatment of organic waste. The low methanogenesis efficiency (low methane production rate, low methane yield, low methane content) substantially limits the development of anaerobic digestion technology. Traditional pretreatment methods and bio-stimulation strategies have impacts on the entire anaerobic system and cannot directly enhance methanogenesis in a targeted manner, which was defined as “broad-acting” strategies in this perspective. Further, we discussed our opinion of methanogenesis process with insights from the electron transfer system of syntrophic partners and provided potential targeted enhancing strategy for high-efficiency electron transfer system. These “precise-acting” strategies are expected to achieve an efficient methanogenesis process and enhance the bio-energy recovery of organic waste.     

土木工程专业人员在地震应急救援中的作用和参与机制

从我国地震应急救援志愿者队伍现状出发,剖析了我国应急救援存在的土木工程专业技术人员匮乏、志愿者普遍缺乏系统培训及队伍建设缺乏长效机制等主要问题。具体阐述了土木工程专业人员在地震应急救援中的专业优势,提出了建立土木工程专业人员参与地震应急救援长效机制,以填补当前土木工程专业性志愿救援队伍的空白,完善地震应急救援力量的社会参与体系,推动中国志愿者服务体系的健康快速发展。