两栖动物种群衰退研究进展

过去50a中，全球范围内许多两栖动物种群显著衰退，一些种类已经灭绝．研究发现，这类现象的出现与人类活动日益加强密切相关，生态环境的破坏，污染的排放、气候的改变、野生动植物疾病的流行等因素是导致这一现象的主要原因.本文总结介绍了近年来国际上本领域的最新研究成果与动态，并对我国的研究现状和未来作了讨论．图1参40     

微型裸腹蚤的生长,生殖和种群增长

年龄为５±２ｈ的纯系微型裸腹蚤置于２５±１℃、主要含斜栅藻的培养液、静置换水的条件下培养时,其体长（ｌｔ）增长模式为ｌｔ＝１．３０－０．７９７６ｅ－０．３６８２ｔ（ｌｔ为体长,ｔ为时间）,各龄蚤平均体长为１．０８ｍｍ,平均寿命为１９．１ｄ,生殖高峰发生在第５龄期,累计生殖量为１０１．２１个．从初始２０个体的种群计算,种群生长曲线呈ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ型：ｙ＝２０２４／（１＋ｅ４．１３６－０．５３７ｔ）（ｙ为总个体数）,内禀增长能力ｒｍ＝０．９８５／ｄ,净生殖率Ｒ０＝８２．２５３／世代,世代平均周期Ｔ＝４．７２ｄ．     

Allelopathic potential of Medicago arborea, a Mediterranean invasive shrub

Summary. Biological invasions are nowadays a major problem in ecology. Allelopathy has been shown to be involved in such invasions, but this mechanism has been little studied in France. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Medicago arborea, an invasive species in the French Mediterranean region. Foliar extracts were tested on three target species (Lactuca sativa, Lepidium sativum and Linum strictum). We showed that Medicago arborea has high allelopathic potential to affect the growth and germination of other species. Yellow flax (Linum strictum), native to the invaded area, was the most sensitive of the tested plant species to foliar extracts of Medicago arborea. Our study pointed out the role of allelopathy in processes leading to biological invasion, and more generally in population dynamics.     

黄土高原自然资源和生态环境的人口压力及其缓解途径的探讨

本文主要讨论了三个问题。第一,黄土高原自然资源和生态环境受到破坏,其主要原因是人口压力;第二,治理和开发都非常必要并有一定效果,但是很难在几十年内彻底解决黄土高原的人口压力问题;第三,应该考虑黄土高原的人口向沿海及长江走廊经济开发区流动以缓解人口压力。     

苏锡常地区的城市化及其资源环境胁迫作用

城市化是当今世界发展的重要特征，城市化的发展在促进社会进步的同时也对生态环境产生了一系列负面影响。以苏锡常地区为案例，从城镇数量的变化、城镇规模的变化、经济结构的转换以及非农业人口比例的变化这4个方面分析了该地区的城市化特征和过程，并对其生态环境胁迫作用进行了定性和定量的分析。结果表明：苏锡常地区城市化的速度快、程度高，其带来的资源环境胁迫作用是很明显的。     

生态经济区城市化与生态环境整合动态评价--以雅安市为例

在对雅安市实例评价中,综合考虑了城市化质量、环境和生态3个子系统,最终选取了42个要素指标,建立了3级城市化与生态环境整合评价指标体系;将灰色关联度分析法用于整合动态评价,用层次分析法确定各级指标权重。在参考国家标准值和国内良好特色城市现状值的基础上,结合雅安实际,构造了各项对应指标的目标序列,将其作为该市2007年目标值,计算得到各子系统分指数和整合指数,对其变化趋势和关联性进行了评价分析,发现雅安市正处于强生态弱城市化的勉强协调发展阶段。     

Chytridiomycosis and Seasonal Mortality of Tropical Stream‐Associated Frogs 15 Years after Introduction of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Assessing the effects of diseases on wildlife populations can be difficult in the absence of observed mortalities, but it is crucial for threat assessment and conservation. We performed an intensive capture‐mark‐recapture study across seasons and years to investigate the effect of chytridiomycosis on demographics in 2 populations of the threatened common mist frog (Litoria rheocola) in the lowland wet tropics of Queensland, Australia. Infection prevalence was the best predictor for apparent survival probability in adult males and varied widely with season (0–65%). Infection prevalence was highest in winter months when monthly survival probabilities were low (approximately 70%). Populations at both sites exhibited very low annual survival probabilities (12–15%) but high recruitment (71–91%), which resulted in population growth rates that fluctuated seasonally. Our results suggest that even in the absence of observed mortalities and continued declines, and despite host–pathogen co‐existence for multiple host generations over almost 2 decades, chytridiomycosis continues to have substantial seasonally fluctuating population‐level effects on amphibian survival, which necessitates increased recruitment for population persistence. Similarly infected populations may thus be under continued threat from chytridiomycosis which may render them vulnerable to other threatening processes, particularly those affecting recruitment success. Quitridiomicosis y Mortalidad Estacional de Ranas Asociadas a Arroyos Tropicales Quince Años Después de la Introducción de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisvsp     

The Sensitivity of Population Viability Analysis to Uncertainty about Habitat Requirements: Implications for the Management of the Endangered Southern Brown Bandicoot

Abstract:  Whenever population viability analysis (PVA) models are built to help guide decisions about the management of rare and threatened species, an important component of model building is the specification of a habitat model describing how a species is related to landscape or bioclimatic variables. Model-selection uncertainty may arise because there is often a great deal of ambiguity about which habitat model structure best approximates the true underlying biological processes. The standard approach to incorporate habitat models into PVA is to assume the best habitat model is correct, ignoring habitat-model uncertainty and alternative model structures that may lead to quantitatively different conclusions and management recommendations. Here we provide the first detailed examination of the influence of habitat-model uncertainty on the ranking of management scenarios from a PVA model. We evaluated and ranked 6 management scenarios for the endangered southern brown bandicoot ( Isoodon obesulus ) with PVA models, each derived from plausible competing habitat models developed with logistic regression. The ranking of management scenarios was sensitive to the choice of the habitat model used in PVA predictions. Our results demonstrate the need to incorporate methods into PVA that better account for model uncertainty and highlight the sensitivity of PVA to decisions made during model building. We recommend that researchers search for and consider a range of habitat models when undertaking model-based decision making and suggest that routine sensitivity analyses should be expanded to include an analysis of the impact of habitat-model uncertainty and assumptions.