边境贫困县建设用地变化特征与驱动因素——以广西龙州为例

边境贫困县的土地利用、城镇发展与脱贫攻坚事关边境稳定和可持续发展大局。论文选取广西壮族自治区的龙州县为案例研究区域,以2011年和2016年高分影像作为主要数据源,结合社会经济数据,探讨该县近年建设用地时空变化特征及驱动因素。研究结果表明：1）龙州县主要建设用地的增幅达10.08%,其中城镇用地、农村宅基地、独立工矿用地、交通设施用地和旅游设施用地的增量分别占建设用地增量的37.74%、25.48%、20.96%、15.49%和0.33%;2）县城涉及的龙州镇、上龙乡建设用地增加较快,边境口岸城镇的建设用地增速也较快;3）从建设用地扩展模式来看,县城龙州镇为填充式扩张,其他乡镇为边缘式扩张;4）城镇发展提速、农民新房建设、工业园区建设、交通设施建设是建设用地扩张的直接驱动因素,近年来精准扶贫战略的深化落实、边境贸易活动的不断增多,是重要的政策驱动力。研究建议：深化落实贫困县建设用地倾斜政策,针对贫困县的建设用地,在省市层面要明确总量、增加流量,在县域层面要用好增量、优化布局、提高效率,切实助力脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴。     

粤北山区相对贫困村的脱贫潜力评价及类型划分——以连州市为例

贫困村的脱贫能力直接影响脱贫工作的成效,研究发达省份欠发达地区相对贫困村的脱贫潜力问题有助于确保我国脱贫任务的全面完成。论文以广东省欠发达地区粤北连州市为例,从村级尺度出发分析其相对贫困村的基本特征,进而构建脱贫潜力评价体系,借助层次分析法和熵权法共同确定评价因子权重,利用加权求和方法完成连州市66个相对贫困村的脱贫潜力等级评价,并利用脱贫制约因素得分划分脱贫潜力类型。结果表明：1）连州市的相对贫困村自然区位条件较差,经济基础非常薄弱,耕地资源相对匮乏,受政策约束影响较大,空间分布呈集聚型;2）脱贫潜力评价指标体系包括自然区位、资源条件、经济因素、社会保障和设施配套等5个要素层共22个因子,其中权重占比最大的是经济因素和设施配套的6个因子;3）脱贫潜力评价结果划分为5个等级,其中属于脱贫潜力中等以上的相对贫困村占65.15%,说明连州市相对贫困村的脱贫潜力总体情况较好;4）脱贫潜力类型划分中,优先脱贫型占16.67%,稳步脱贫型占28.79%,重点帮扶型占54.54%。研究结果能为地方政府制定精准的脱贫策略提供科学有效的支撑与指引。     

Bivariate cointegration between poverty and environment: a case study of Pakistan (1980–2009)

The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate a two-way statistical relationship between the agriculture environment and rural poverty. To recognise the relationship between the two variables, a time series, co-integration and Granger causality tests have been employed. Secondary data pertaining to Pakistan from 1980–2009 on rural poverty and environmental factors (such as commercial energy consumption, water availability and total cropped area) have been used for the analysis. The empirical results only moderately support the conventional view that rural poverty has a significant long-term casual effect on environmental proxies in Pakistan. The present study finds evidence of uni-directional causality between poverty and the environment in the context of the agriculture sector in Pakistan.     

Impacts of Marine Protected Areas on Fishing Communities

Abstract: Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a popular conservation strategy, but their impacts on human welfare are poorly understood. To inform future research and policy decisions, we reviewed the scientific literature to assess MPA impacts on five indicators of human welfare: food security, resource rights, employment, community organization, and income. Following MPA establishment, food security generally remained stable or increased in older and smaller MPAs. The ability of most fishing groups to govern MPA resources changed. Increased resource rights were positively correlated with MPA zoning and compliance with MPA regulations. Small sample sizes precluded statistical tests of the impacts of MPAs on employment, community organization, and income. Our results demonstrate that MPAs shape the social well‐being and political power of fishing communities; impacts (positive and negative) vary within and among social groups; and social impacts are correlated with some—but not all—commonly hypothesized explanatory factors. Accordingly, MPAs may represent a viable strategy for enhancing food security and empowering local communities, but current practices negatively affect at least a minority of fishers. To inform policy making, further research must better document and explain variation in the positive and negative social impacts of MPAs.     

Rural poverty driven soil degradation under climate change: the sensitivity of the disposition towards the Sahel Syndrome with respect to climate

Starting from the basic assumption of the syndrome concept that essentially all of the present problematic civilization–nature interactions on the global scale can be subdivided into a limited number of typical patterns, the analysis of the response of these patterns (syndromes) to climate change can make a major contribution to climate impact research, surmounting the difficulties of more common sectoral ceteris paribus impact studies with respect to their systemic integration. In this paper we investigate in particular the influence of climate on the regional proneness or disposition towards one of the most important syndromes with respect to famines and malnutrition, the Sahel Syndrome. It describes the closely interlinked natural and socioeconomic aspects of rural poverty driven degradation of soil and vegetation on marginal sites. Two strategies of global climate impact assessment on a spatial 0.5°×0.5° grid were pursued: (a) As a measure for the climate sensitivity of the regional proneness, the absolute value of the gradient of the disposition with respect to the global field of 3} 12 monthy normals of temperature, irradiation and precipitation is calculated. (b) The disposition was evaluated for two different climate forecasts under doubled atmospheric CO₂ concentration. For both strategies two new quantitative global models were incorporated in a fuzzy-logic-based algorithm for determining the disposition towards the Sahel Syndrome: a neural-net-based model for plant productivity and a waterbalance model which calculates surface runoff considering vertical and lateral fluxes, both driven by the set of 36 monthly climatological normals and designed to allow very fast global numerical evaluation.Calculation (b) shows that the change in disposition towards the Sahel Syndrome crucially depends on the chosen climate forecast, indicating that the disagreement of climate forecasts is propagated to the impact assessment of the investigated socio-economic pattern. On the other hand the regions with a significant increase in disposition in at least one of the climate scenario-based model runs form a subset of the regions which are indicated by the local climate sensitivity study (a) as highly sensitive – illustrating that the gradient measure applied here provides a resonable way to calculate an upper limit or worst case of negative climate impact. This method is particularly valuable in the case of uncertain climate predictions as, e.g., for the change in precipitation patterns.     

Monitoring nekton as a bioindicator in shallow estuarine habitats

Long-term monitoring of estuarine nekton has many practical and ecological benefits but efforts are hampered by a lack of standardized sampling procedures. This study provides a rationale for monitoring nekton in shallow (<#60; 1 m), temperate, estuarine habitats and addresses some important issues that arise when developing monitoring protocols. Sampling in seagrass and salt marsh habitats is emphasized due to the susceptibility of each habitat to anthropogenic stress and to the abundant and rich nekton assemblages that each habitat supports. Extensive sampling with quantitative enclosure traps that estimate nekton density is suggested. These gears have a high capture efficiency in most habitats and are small enough (e.g., 1 m²) to permit sampling in specific microhabitats. Other aspects of nekton monitoring are discussed, including spatial and temporal sampling considerations, station selection, sample size estimation, and data collection and analysis. Developing and initiating long-term nekton monitoring programs will help evaluate natural and human-induced changes in estuarine nekton over time and advance our understanding of the interactions between nekton and the dynamic estuarine environment.     

吹气—吸收法测定废水中硫化物

对吹气－吸收法测定废水中硫化物进行了吸收试验，提出了用去离子除氧水配制硫化物标液，可增加其稳定性；用ＩＳＯ硫化物吹脱器取代普通气吸收装置，可提高硫化物回收率。试验结果表明，改进后方法的精密度，准确度及适用怀强垃令人满意。     

生态脱贫——山区农业县脱贫致富的有效途径——对四川苍溪县生态脱贫模式的分析

10多年来,四川苍溪县结合实际,立足资源优势,因地制宜,不断实践、探索、总结,走出了一条适合山区农村生态脱贫致富的道路,形成了生态脱贫的“苍溪模式”。本文旨在采用生态经济学理论,运用生态工程分析方法,对该模式生态经济的结构、功能进行分析,以探索适合山区农业县生态脱贫的有效途径。     

Climate change and disaster management

Climate change, although a natural phenomenon, is accelerated by human activities. Disaster policy response to climate change is dependent on a number of factors, such as readiness to accept the reality of climate change, institutions and capacity, as well as willingness to embed climate change risk assessment and management in development strategies. These conditions do not yet exist universally. A focus that neglects to enhance capacity-building and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks. Reducing vulnerability is a key aspect of reducing climate change risk. To do so requires a new approach to climate change risk and a change in institutional structures and relationships. A focus on development that neglects to enhance governance and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks.