华北及邻近地区的巨灾链

对华北及其邻近地区自清代以来特大地震和水灾构成的4次巨灾链进行了介绍,并初步探讨了它们的形成机制、预测指标及减灾对策。     

生产函数的确定及其在经济损失分析中的应用

考察了Cobb-Douglas生产函数及其几种改进模型的适用范围,以确定适用于震后各生产领域的经济损失评估模型。通过以某市历年投入产出资料为例,说明了其在评定地震损失中的应用。     

关于发布地震预报的抉择

地震预报是人们讨论的一个热门话题。当前国际上普遍认同的一个基本事实是 ,地震预报水平远远未达到实用化的阶段。无庸置疑的是 ,作出发布短临预报的决策 ,是防震减灾工作中一项难度最大的工作。它长期困扰着各国地震工作部门和政府行政部门。公开发布地震预报 ,主要考虑因素有 :短临地震预报能力 ,作短临预报需付出的代价 ,以及地震预报公开发布后将会取得的实际收益。对以上三个因素权衡得失 ,趋利避害 ,注重实际效果。如果我们将这三个因素用预报效益来联系 ,那么 ,预报效益则等于预报实际取得的收益与发布地震预报必须付出的代价之比。若比值大于 1,则可公开发布 ;如比值小于 1,则不宜公开发布 ;当比值接近 1时 ,需同时考虑预报意见的信度这个因素。我国不同地区由于其经济发达程度、人口密度、国土财富率相差甚大 ,因此在用上述三个因素作是否公开发布地震预报的抉择上显然其结论是不同的。本文认为 :1 5 5级以下地震 ,东部和西部直接经济损失 (人民币 )约为 8亿元和 2亿元 ,经济上公开发布代价远大于当地所取得的实际收益 ,人员伤亡不超过 10人。因此无论东、西部均不宜公开发布地震预报 ,我们将 5 5级地震定为公开发布预报的震级下限。2 对于 5 5级至 6 5级地震 ,我国东部地区的直接经济损     

公路交通噪声预测的神经网络模型

利用多条国道、省道公路交通噪声的实测数据,建立了一个公路交通噪声预测的神经网络模型,能够同时预测公路交通噪声的等效连续声级、统计声级和标准偏差,预测值和实测值基本相符,该模型为公路交通噪声的预测、治理和控制提供了良好的条件。     

玉溪市未来人口预测三种模型的分析

人口问题是一个国家或地区可持续发展的前提。人口规模是否合理,对一个国家或地区未来的经济、社会和生态环境可持续发展影响深远。运用马尔萨斯人口模型、Logistic增长模型和线性函数三种理论模型,利用《玉溪市统计年鉴》统计数据对玉溪市2010—2020年的人口发展规模做出预测,预测结果显示3种模型均取得了较好的模拟效果。Logistic增长模型的预测值最小,故采用其预测值作为预测结果。     

Application of air pollution dispersion modeling for source-contribution assessment and model performance evaluation at integrated industrial estate-Pantnagar

Source-contribution assessment of ambient NO₂ concentration was performed at Pantnagar, India through simulation of two urban mathematical dispersive models namely Gaussian Finite Line Source Model (GFLSM) and Industrial Source Complex Model (ISCST-3) and model performances were evaluated. Principal approaches were development of comprehensive emission inventory, monitoring of traffic density and regional air quality and conclusively simulation of urban dispersive models. Initially, 18 industries were found responsible for emission of 39.11 kg/h of NO₂ through 43 elevated stacks. Further, vehicular emission potential in terms of NO₂ was computed as 7.1 kg/h. Air quality monitoring delineates an annual average NO₂ concentration of 32.6 μg/m³. Finally, GFLSM and ISCST-3 were simulated in conjunction with developed emission inventories and existing meteorological conditions. Models simulation indicated that contribution of NO₂ from industrial and vehicular source was in a range of 45-70% and 9-39%, respectively. Further, statistical analysis revealed satisfactory model performance with an aggregate accuracy of 61.9%.     

对环境影响评价中常用的几种公路交通噪声预测模式的适用性研究

道路交通噪声预测是公路建设环境影响评价中一个重要的环节,它对我们判断、分析公路交通噪声对沿线保护目标的影响程度,以及针对影响采取何种有效措施有积极的作用;本文重点就目前环评中常用的几种公路噪声预测模型对省内已建成的不同等级公路进行噪声预测,并与其实际监测结果进行对比分析,据此,论述在相同争件下各种预测模式计算结果产生误差的原因,得出各种噪声预测模式的适用性结论。     

Reducing Streamflow Forecast Uncertainty: Application and Qualitative Assessment of the Upper Klamath River Basin,Oregon1

Abstract: The accuracy of streamflow forecasts depends on the uncertainty associated with future weather and the accuracy of the hydrologic model that is used to produce the forecasts. We present a method for streamflow forecasting where hydrologic model parameters are selected based on the climate state. Parameter sets for a hydrologic model are conditioned on an atmospheric pressure index defined using mean November through February (NDJF) 700‐hectoPascal geopotential heights over northwestern North America [Pressure Index from Geopotential heights (PIG)]. The hydrologic model is applied in the Sprague River basin (SRB), a snowmelt‐dominated basin located in the Upper Klamath basin in Oregon. In the SRB, the majority of streamflow occurs during March through May (MAM). Water years (WYs) 1980‐2004 were divided into three groups based on their respective PIG values (high, medium, and low PIG). Low (high) PIG years tend to have higher (lower) than average MAM streamflow. Four parameter sets were calibrated for the SRB, each using a different set of WYs. The initial set used WYs 1995‐2004 and the remaining three used WYs defined as high‐, medium‐, and low‐PIG years. Two sets of March, April, and May streamflow volume forecasts were made using Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP). The first set of ESP simulations used the initial parameter set. Because the PIG is defined using NDJF pressure heights, forecasts starting in March can be made using the PIG parameter set that corresponds with the year being forecasted. The second set of ESP simulations used the parameter set associated with the given PIG year. Comparison of the ESP sets indicates that more accuracy and less variability in volume forecasts may be possible when the ESP is conditioned using the PIG. This is especially true during the high‐PIG years (low‐flow years).     

原油储罐火灾扬沸形成时间预测模型研究

扬沸火灾是一种突变性火害现象,其发生能导致巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,其形成时间预测问题一直备受关注。根据能量守恒定律,把原油层内的热量传递看作无内热源、常物性的非稳态传热问题,建晓热量传递模型,通过预测油层内的温度分布,结合小尺度油罐扬沸火灾实验结果,推导出扬沸形成时间预测模型。并对其可靠性进行了案例验证,结果表明模型准确,误筹较小。实验发现随着罐径的增大,水层厚度对扬沸形成时间的影响逐渐减小。通过预测模型计算得到：扬沸形成时间与初始油层厚度和罐径的比值存在正比例关系。     

改进的灰色马尔科夫模型在飞行事故率预测中的应用

基于灰色理论和马尔科夫理论,建立传统的灰色预测模型和灰色马尔科夫预测模型;对传统灰色预测模型的背景值和初值的构造存在一定的误差进行改进,并用改进后的新模型对飞行事故率预测的结果与传统的灰色马尔科夫模型进行对比;仿真结果表明:改进后的灰色马尔科夫模型预测精度有了进一步的提高并验证了算法的有效性。