飞行器环境试验数据管理与预示系统构建研究

目的为飞行器环境试验数据的管理与交互式探索分析提供工具,并为飞行器环境试验条件设计提供支撑。方法环境试验数据管理与预示系统采用B/S MVC三层体系架构,在数据存储层,采用传统关系型数据库及大数据平台(Hadoop/Spark)相结合的混合存储结构;在数据处理层,主要采用基于Spring+Hibernate的轻量级J2EE技术框架。使用Myeclipse 2014 Java语言编程实现。结果所开发的环境试验数据管理与预示系统,客户端通过浏览器实现跨平台访问。基于JavaScript技术实现数据动态交互展示,支持Matlab、C++等多种语言算法的集成与动态扩展。结论软件系统适用于环境试验数据的管理与交互式探索分析。     

辽宁阜新煤矿生态环境动态演变的预测

通过对影响煤矿生态质量16个指标因子的筛选,初步建立自然环境、生态环境及社会经济三维体系下由年开采量等7个指标组成的煤矿生态环境质量预测指标体系;根据2003年至2012年阜新煤矿生态环境指标因子环境统计数据,采用数值拟合得出埋藏深度、地面塌陷面积/开采面积、煤尘爆炸指数、矿区居民人均GDP及矿区经济贡献率5个指标因子的Quadratic模型;优化建立煤矿生态环境动态预测指标体系。应用煤矿生态环境指标因子预测模型对阜新煤矿2003年至2012年煤矿生态环境指标因子动态演变预测效果验证,验证结果表明Quadratic模型预测误差相对较小,煤尘爆炸指数指标因子的预测拟合曲线相关系数最高(R2=0.967 26)。最后应用Quadratic模型对2013年阜新煤矿矿区生态环境指标因子进行预测,并结合矿区实际给出预测模型的适用性。     

粤北某矿横石河流域周围土壤重金属预测与生态风险预警评估

以粤北某矿横石河流域周围表层土壤2010年和2013年两批区域调查数据为基础,对其土壤中重金属含量变化趋势进行预测,并进行生态风险预警评估。结果显示,3年间土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn等元素含量降低明显,现累积速率分别为-0.001、2.88、3.71和3.11mg/(kg·a),相对累积速率以Cd最快,Zn、Cu、Pb次之;生态风险预警评估显示凉桥村和水楼下村的生态风险达到重警,上坝村为轻警。在无突变情景下,根据现累积速率预测了未来30年内的生态环境质量变化,并提出建议。     

铁路桥梁段环境振动分频段预测方法

针对铁路环境振动,在考虑振动频率对振动传播衰减的影响下,将桥梁荷载视为点列式荷载,提出适合桥梁段环境振动的分频段预测方法.为考察该方法在铁路桥梁段环境振动预测中的适用性,分别采用该方法和现行的铁路环境振动常用预测方法对成灌快速铁路某桥梁段10～40 m范围内的地面环境振动进行预测,并将两种方法的预测结果与实测结果进行对比.结果表明,铁路桥梁段环境振动分频段预测方法在实际桥梁段环境振动预测中能够取得很好的预测效果,且相对于现行铁路环境振动的常用预测方法,其预测精度更高.     

基于R/S分析的矿井涌水量灰色预测

矿井涌水量序列具有分形和灰色特征,将R/S分析与灰色系统理论相结合,提出了R/S灰色预测模型以预报矿井涌水量。并以龙门矿为例,对其矿井涌水量进行了R/S分析,确定了Hurst指数和平均循环周期;还在一个周期内进行了涌水量灰色预测。结果表明:龙门矿矿井涌水量平均循环周期为10个月;原本无法进行灰色预测的矿井涌水量序列,经R/S分析后不但可以进行灰色预测,而且预测精度达97.54%,明显高于成熟模型—灰色马尔科夫预测模型的精度。该方法拓宽了分形和灰色理论在涌水量研究中的应用范围。     

基于BP神经网络的城市生活垃圾产生量预测研究——以上海市为例

文章总结分析了影响城市生活垃圾产生量的因素,并根据相关性分析结果确定了主要影响因素,然后建立了上海市生活垃圾产生量的BP神经网络预测模型,并将预测值与实际值进行比较,表明该模型具有较好的适用性和准确性,最后对上海市未来几年的生活垃圾产量进行了预测.     

低速城市道路交通噪声预测中噪声源强计算模式的适用性分析研究

为研究各种源强计算模式对低速城市道路噪声预测的适用性,本文选取了安徽省合肥市运营稳定的1条低速城市道路进行实测.将实测的噪声结果与分别采用3种平均车速计算公式(包括设计车速、JTJ 005-96规范车速、JTG B03-2006规范车速)、3种源强计算模式(包括JTJ 005-96规范源强模式、JTG B03-2006规范源强模式、卓春晖报道的源强模式)预测出的结果进行对比.结果表明,采用道路设计车速、卓春晖报道的源强模式预测的结果与实测值最为相符.     

Demographic Characteristics of Extinction in a Small, Insular Population of House Sparrows in Northern Norway

Abstract:  In conservation ecology there is an urgent need for indicators that can be used to predict the risk of extinction of populations. Identifying extinction-prone populations has been difficult because few data sets on the demographic characteristics of the final stage to extinction are available and because of problems in separating out stochastic effects from changes in the expected dynamics. We documented the demographic changes that occurred during the period prior to extinction of a small island population of House Sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) after the end of permanent human settlement. A mark-recapture analysis revealed that this decline to extinction was mainly due to increased mortality after closure of the last farm that resulted in a negative long-term-specific growth rate. No change occurred in either the structural composition (breeding sex ratio and age distribution) of the population or in female recruitment. No male, however, recruits were produced on the island after the farm closure. Based on a simple, stochastic, density-dependent model we constructed a population prediction interval (PPI) to estimate the time to extinction. The 95% PPI slightly overestimated the time to extinction with large uncertainty in predictions, especially due to the influence of demographic stochasticity and parameter drift. Our results strongly emphasize the importance of access to data on temporal variation that can be used to parameterize simple population models that allow estimation of critical parameters for credible prediction of time to extinction.     

Modelling air temperature gradients across managed small streams in western Washington

Leaving riparian strips on both sides of a stream is widely accepted to be an effective management approach in sustaining the valuable functions of stream and riparian ecosystems. The authors' overall objective is to provide microclimatic information for assessing the effectiveness of these strips. During the summer of 1993 and 1994, air temperatures were collected across 20 small, buffered streams in western Washington, USA, including five streams sampled before and after harvesting of the forest. These data were statistically analysed to examine the effects of adjacent harvesting with preservation of 16–72 m riparian forest strips. Regression models were developed to predict air temperatures at the stream and buffer edges, the difference between two locations, and seasonal changes. The authors found: (1) clearcutting in winter 1993/94 increased air temperature on the stream by up to 4°C, and changes in temperature variability from the stream to the upland, measured by coefficient of variation (CV), were significantly higher after harvesting; (2) forest buffers provided minimal protection for stream air temperature during the middle of summer (July) but were more effective early and late in the season; (3) buffer width was not a significant variable in predicting stream air temperature, suggesting that even a 72 m buffer was not sufficient to maintain a stream environment because of greater depth of edge influences.1998 Academic Press     

Forecasting the Spread of Invasive Rainbow Smelt in the Laurentian Great Lakes Region of North America

Abstract:  Rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ) have invaded many North American lakes, often resulting in the extirpation of native fish populations. Yet, their invasion is incipient and provides the rationale for identifying ecosystems likely to be invaded and where management and prevention efforts should be focused. To predict smelt presence and absence, we constructed a classification-tree model based on habitat data from 354 lakes in the native range for smelt in southern Maine. Maximum lake depth, lake area, and Secchi depth (surrogate measure of lake productivity) were the most important predictors. We then used our model to identify lakes vulnerable to invasion in three regions outside the smelt's native range: northern Maine (52 of 244 lakes in the non-native range), Ontario (4447 of 8110), and Wisconsin (553 of 5164). We further identified a subset of lakes with a strong potential for impact (potential–impact lakes) based on the presence of fish species that are affected by rainbow smelt. Ninety-four percent of vulnerable lakes in the non-native range in Maine are also potential–impact lakes, as are 94% and 58% of Ontario and Wisconsin's vulnerable lakes, respectively. Our modeling approach can be applied to other invaders and regions to identify invasion-prone ecosystems, thus aiding in the management of invasive species and the efficient allocation of invasive species mitigation and prevention resources.