Ergonomic Diagnosis of the Driver’s Workplace in an Electric Locomotive

This paper deals with research aimed at developing a method for ergonomic analysis of the driver’s workplace in an electric locomotive. It presents the structure of the diagnosis and its assumptions, and includes a re-evaluation of the questionnaire-expert method in ergonomic research. The article presents research data on weights and evaluations including their standard deviations for particular priority features. Ergonomic levels of the studied operator’s cabin in locomotives are compared.     

中国遗传资源优先保护等级评价标准的构建

确定科学合理的生物遗传资源优先保护等级,是当前保护生物学研究的一个核心问题。文章通过分析国内外遗传资源优先保护等级评价研究进展,针对遗传资源的特点,对遗传资源与物种关系、遗传资源多样性、境外种群影响、遗传资源价值、潜在利用价值、人工繁育技术、特有情况等方面进行了探讨并提出相应建议,初步确定了遗传资源优先保护等级的评价标准,以期能为生物遗传资源的有效保护和科学管理提供参考依据。     

Assessing conservation opportunity on private land: socio-economic, behavioral, and spatial dimensions

This study presents a method for assessing conservation opportunity on private land based on landholders' socio-economic, behavioral, and farm characteristics. These characteristics include age, gender, education, level of off-farm income, farm size, proportion of remnant native vegetation on-farm, and ecological value of native vegetation on-farm. A sample of landholders who own greater than 2 ha of land in the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin region were sent a mail-based survey about their values and preferences for environmental management (N = 659, 52% response). Cross-tabulations and ANOVA statistical analysis techniques were used to compare the socio-economic attributes across three landholder classes: disengaged, moderately engaged, and highly engaged in native vegetation planting. Results indicate that highly engaged landholders were more likely to be female, formally educated, hobby farmers who managed small parcels of land and have high off-farm incomes, whereas disengaged landholders held significantly stronger farming connections (more farming experience, family have lived on the farm for more generations). Spatial analysis revealed area-specific differences in conservation opportunity and conservation priority. In some areas, properties of high ecological value were managed by highly engaged landholders, but nearby properties of high value were managed by moderately engaged or disengaged landholders. Environmental managers therefore cannot assume areas of high conservation priority will be areas of high conservation opportunity. At the regional scale, the potential for revegetation seems most promising within the moderately engaged landholder group considering the vast amount of land managed by this group in areas of high ecological value, particularly within the less represented Mallee and Coorong and Rangelands sub-regions. We suggest that incentive schemes which purchase conservation need to be targeted at disengaged landholders; mentoring schemes led by commercial farmers highly engaged in native vegetation planting should be directed at moderately engaged landholders, and; awards programs which acknowledge conservation successes should be targeted at highly engaged landholders.     

废镉镍电池中镉优先浸出工艺

通过CdO、NiO酸浸反应的热力学和动力学研究 ,得知CdO、NiO二者的浸出条件有较大差异 ,实验确定了废镉镍电池中镉优先浸出的工艺条件 :5 0℃、pH =2的硫酸溶液中浸 5 0min ,在此工艺条件下 ,镉能 10 0 %浸出 ,而镍的浸出率只有 2 5 %。     

多目标排队决策法——在大连地区土地利用结构调整中的应用

本文采用多目标排队决策法对专家的咨询意见进行了定量处理,从各用地部门的经济、生态和社会效益出发,确定了他们的优先级,并结合土地利用现状对今后的土地利用结构作出了合理的调整规划设想。     

Capacity estimation and preliminary strategy for reducing the release of dioxins in China

As a party of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, China must submit its national implementation plan (NIP) for this convention. The strategy and action plan for reducing the release of dioxins in China are the most important components of the NIP. Three problems are key points for developing such strategy and action plan—what are the key sources for applying the best available technology/best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) to reduce the release of dioxins? How about the capacity for reducing the dioxins release from the key sources? Where are the areas of priority for applying BAT/BEP? This paper shows the efforts towards the solution of these problems. The list of key sources covering about half of the total dioxins release was determined considering four criteria. The capacity of key sources were estimated based on the difference between the emission factor corresponding to the actual situation in 2004 and that corresponding to the scenario that all key sources have been applied BAT/BEP to reduce the dioxins release. The priority analysis using the geographical information system (GIS) tool has revealed that castern provinces should be of high priority in the future reduction activities of dioxins release in China.     

澧水流域生态系统服务价值与生态补偿策略

为了协调区域经济发展与生态保护的关系,以澧水流域为研究对象,采用修正的生态系统服务价值系数分析了2001—2013年该区域生态系统服务价值(ESV)的变化情况,并构建灰色模型对2016—2025年生态系统服务价值进行预测,同时综合考虑研究区域经济发展水平,引入生态补偿优先级(ECPS)对不同区域生态补偿的迫切程度进行了量化. 结果表明:①2001—2013年,澧水流域生态系统服务价值从2001年的313.70×108元降至2013年的313.32×108元;GM(1,1)模型预测结果显示,2025年澧水流域生态系统服务价值将降至311.22×108元. ②澧水流域8个县(市/区)的生态系统服务价值和生态补偿优先级存在较大差异,澧水上游(桑植县)和中游(永定区、武陵源区、慈利县、石门县)为整个澧水流域提供了良好的生态服务,属于“生态输出”地区,应该优先得到生态补偿;而下游(澧县、临澧县、津市市)的生态优先级较小,属于“生态消费”地区,应当率先进行生态支付. 研究结果有利于制订合理的生态补偿价格,调节生态保护利益相关者之间的利益关系,有助于当地政府研究制订比较完整的生态补偿政策决策.      

基于模糊FMEA法的乏燃料剪切机剪切装置风险评估

为了有效控制乏燃料后处理立式送料剪切机剪切装置在运行过程中的风险,采用基于模糊理论的故障模式及影响分析(FMEA)对剪切装置的故障模式进行风险评价。首先将风险优先指数(RPN)的3个评价指标视为模糊变量并模糊化,接着采用专家打分的方式对各故障模式进行模糊评价,采用重心法解模糊化,计算得出各故障模式的模糊风险优先指数(FRPN),从而确定机械设备中各故障模式的风险控制顺序。利用模糊FMEA法对乏燃料立式送料剪切机剪切装置的故障模式进行了风险评估,结果表明,吊篮焊接件裂纹、主刀体破损、刀具退刀固定档板变形为风险较大的故障模式,分析结果与工程实际较吻合。     

Conservation Assessment of Southern South American Freshwater Ecoregions on the Basis of the Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Crabs from the Genus Aegla

Abstract:  We assessed the conservation priority of 18 freshwater ecoregions in southern South America on the basis of Aegla (genus of freshwater crabs) genetic diversity and distribution. Geographical distributions for 66 Aegla species were taken from the literature and plotted against ecoregions and main river basins of southern South America. Species richness and number of threatened and endemic species were calculated for each area. To assess taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, we generated a molecular phylogeny based on DNA sequences for one nuclear (28S) and 4 mitochondrial (12S, 16S, COI, and COII) genes. All species richness and phylogenetic methods agreed, to a large extent, in their rankings of the importance of conservation areas, as indicated by the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ( p < 0.01); nonetheless, some of the lowest correlations were observed between taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity indices. The 5 ecoregions of the Laguna dos Patos Basin (Eastern Brazil), Central Chile, South Brazilian Coast, Chilean Lakes, and Subtropical Potamic Axis (northern Argentina and southern Uruguay and Paraguay) had the highest biodiversity scores. Conservation of these regions will preserve the largest number of species and the greatest amount of genetic diversity within the South American freshwater Aegla fauna. Biodiversity across rivers and within areas was heterogeneously distributed in the ecoregions of Upper Paraná, Ribeira do Iguape, Upper Uruguay, and South Brazilian Coast (i.e., one river showed significantly more biodiversity than any other river from the same ecoregion), but homogeneously distributed in the other ecoregions. Hence, conservation plans in the former regions will potentially require less effort than plans in the latter regions.     

河流污染类型优控顺序确定方法及其在海河流域的应用

建立河流污染类型优控顺序方法并将其应用于海河流域,结合海河流域主要河流站点水质监测数据和沉积物分析数据,对各水系河流的耗氧污染、富营养化及沉积物重金属污染状况进行整体评估,确定海河流域河流污染优先控制顺序.结果表明,海河流域有36%河长耗氧污染严重,重污染河流主要分布在黑龙港运东水系、子牙河水系和徒骇马颊河水系,重度污染河长比例分别为100%、54%和68%.重度富营养化河流主要分布在子牙河水系、北三河水系(北运河、潮白河、蓟运河)和徒骇马颊河水系,重度污染河长比例分别为50.0%、52.3%和39.7%;沉积物重金属生态风险普遍较低,子牙河水系、滦河水系和漳卫河水系重度污染河长比例分别为26.5%、21.6%和28.0%.海河流域河流中度以上的耗氧污染、富营养化及重金属污染河长分别为8203 km、6927 km和6733 km,由此确定流域河流污染优控顺序应该是首先关注耗氧污染,然后再控制河流富营养化,最后再治理重金属污染.分水系优控顺序研究表明永定河水系、大清河水系、黑龙港运东水系、子牙河水系和徒骇马颊河水系主要面临耗氧污染问题;北三河水系应首先控制富营养化;滦河水系、海河干流和漳卫河水系应关注沉积物重金属污染.