预腐蚀LY12CZ铝合金的疲劳寿命预测模型

目的研究铝合金预腐蚀疲劳的寿命评估模型。方法利用损伤力学模型,建立预腐蚀构件疲劳寿命预测模型,并利用LY12CZ铝合金进行预腐蚀疲劳的验证性实验。结果利用损伤力学建立的模型所得到的预腐蚀铝合金试件的疲劳寿命与实验结果吻合程度良好。结论基于损伤力学的铝合金预腐蚀疲劳寿命预测模型合理有效。     

基于功能仿真的电子产品性能退化分析方法

目的研究基于功能仿真对电子产品长期工作过程中性能退化问题进行分析的方法。方法以DC-DC电源模块为对象,一种方式是直接对电源模块进行加速退化试验,并基于试验数据进行可靠性分析;另一种方式是对电源模块中性能退化关键元器件进行加速退化试验,并将试验数据模型注入到电源模块功能仿真模型中,进行性能退化仿真与可靠性分析,最终对两种分析结果进行对比,验证仿真分析技术的有效性。结果对比显示,加速退化试验分析得到的电源模块平均寿命为281 560 h,仿真分析得到的电源模块平均寿命为357 290 h。结论由于仿真分析方法只考虑了性能退化的关键元器件,结果偏乐观,但是偏差在合理的范围内,证明该方法对于性能退化可靠性分析是有效的,并且应用该方法更便于进行设计改进和迭代分析。     

造纸过程白水封闭循环回用对抄造的影响

研究了网下白水不同循环次数的性能指标。白水中干扰物质DCS对聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)、膨润土组成的三元微粒助留助滤效果的影响,结果表明,随着白水循环次数的增加,白水性能指标变差;DCS的累积降低了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的助留效果;白水循环次数的增加使纸页裂断长降低;助留助滤效果随着白水循环次数的增加而降低。     

隔河岩水库二氧化碳通量时空变化及影响因素

随着气候变化研究的深入,大型河流拦截工程对水域碳循环及温室气体交换的影响引起越来越多的关注.为了评估河流拦截工程对水域生态系统碳循环和二氧化碳交换通量时空分布模式的影响,选择清江隔河岩水库作为典型案例,采用在线分析仪与浮箱相结合的方法,在2015年3月至2016年2月期间开展了完整水文年连续观测实验,获取了水库坝前、上游、支流、消落带与库湾等典型区域二氧化碳通量数据.数据分析结果表明隔河岩水库水气界面二氧化碳平均通量为(55.691 8±66.332 9)mg·(m2·h)-1,呈现年内冬季高其他季节低的时间变化规律,空间上则表现为水库消落带坝前较低、典型库湾区域较高的分布格局.作为水库背景的库尾断面渔峡口区域二氧化碳通量季节变化非常稳定,在大部分时间内反而高于坝前和消落带断面的二氧化碳通量.数据分析表明二氧化碳通量时空分布格局受到水温、pH值和水体碳浓度的显著影响,但其相关程度受到季节和蓄水的双重影响.     

承德建龙3#高炉炉役后期安全生产特点

承德建龙3#高炉第1代炉役后期,炉身冷却壁大量损坏,炉缸部分冷却壁水温差超高,炉底、炉基温度达到安全警戒线,炉壳多处开裂变形,依靠外部打水维持生产的情况下,通过采取加强高炉操作,设备维护管理等技术措施,保证了高炉安全生产.     

Sulphur transformation and deposition in the rhizosphere of Juncus effusus in a laboratory-scale constructed wetland

Sulphur cycling and its correlation to removal processes under dynamic redox conditions in the rhizosphere of helophytes in treatment wetlands are poorly understood. Therefore, long-term experiments were performed in laboratory-scale constructed wetlands treating artificial domestic wastewater in order to investigate the dynamics of sulphur compounds, the responses of plants and nitrifying microorganisms under carbon surplus conditions, and the generation of methane. For carbon surplus conditions (carbon:sulphate of 2.8:1) sulphate reduction happened but was repressed, in contrast to unplanted filters mentioned in literature. Doubling the carbon load caused stable and efficient sulphate reduction, rising of pH, increasing enrichment of S(2-) and S(0) in pore water, and finally plant death and inhibition of nitrification by sulphide toxicity. The data show a clear correlation of the occurrence of reduced S-species with decreasing C and N removal performance and plant viability in the experimental constructed wetlands.     

A study of climate change and anthropogenic impacts in West Africa

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: During the last decades ecological conditions in West Africa have dramatically changed. Very evident is the climate change, which has resulted in a southward shift of the climate zones, e.g. a spread of the desert (Sahara) into the Sahelian zone. After the drought period of the early 1970s and 1980s, livestock density increased resulting in an intensification of grazing pressure. This anthropogenous phenomenon leads to similar landscape changes as those caused by the climate. Only very few investigations exist on vegetation dynamics, climate changes and land use changes for the Sudanian zone. The paper presents data on changes of precipitation, of land use, of the geographical range of species, and of the composition of the flora, which have to be regarded as proofs of the sahelisation of large areas of the Sudanian zone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Area of investigation: Burkina Faso. Precipitation data analysis: precipitation data from 67 stations; time series analysis and geo-statistical spatial interpolation. Analysis of land use change: Landsat satellite MSS and ETM+ data, acquired for two different dates between 1972 and 2001 analyzed by the software ERDAS/IMAGINE version 8.6 and ArcView 3.2 with the Spatial Analyst extension. Intensive ground truthing (160 training areas). Inventory of the flora: based on the data of the Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR) in Frankfurt, Germany, and of the herbarium of the university of Ouagadougou (OUA), Burkina Faso, as well as on various investigations on the vegetation of Burkina Faso carried out in the years 1990 to 2005 by the team of the senior author. Life form analysis of the flora: based on the inventory of permanent plots. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Precipitation: Remarkable latitudinal shift of isohyets towards the South translates to a general reduction of average rainfall in great parts of the country. The last decade (1990-1999) shows some improvement, however, the more humid conditions of the 1950's and 1960's are not yet established again. Landcover change: In the study region the extent of arable fields and young fallows increased during the last 30 years from 580 km(2) in 1972 to 2870 km(2) in 2001. This means an average land cover conversion rate of 0.9% per year for the 6 departments considered. Change of the distribution of Sahelian and Sudanian species: Several species, mentioned in older literature as strictly Sahelian, today also occur in the Sudanian zone. Parallel to the spread of former strictly Sahelian species into the Sudanian zone, some former Sahelo-Sudanian species have withdrawn from the Sahel. Changes of the life form spectra of the flora: Considering their life form spectra, the flora of heavily grazed and of protected areas in the Sudanian zone show great differences. On areas intensively grazed the percentage of therophytes is evidently higher than on protected areas. Just the opposite is true for the phanerophytes. Their percentage is higher on the protected area than on the grazed zones. At the first glance, it is obvious to link the changes in flora and vegetation with the climate changes that have occurred during the last five decades (decrease of annual precipitation). However, not only climatic conditions have changed, but also population has increased, the percentage of land intensively used for agriculture and pasturing has increased and the time for soil regeneration today is much shorter than it was some decades ago. Thus, the landscape of the Sudanian zone has become a more Sahelian character. A comparison of the flora of an intensively used area of the Sudanian zone with that of a protected area shows a remarkable change in the life form spectra. The spectrum of the intensively used area is almost identical with that of the typical Sahelian flora. This comparison shows that the anthropogenic influence plays a greater role in the sahelisation of the Sudanian zone than the climate change. CONCLUSION: Climate change and anthropogenic influence both, lead to a sahelisation of landscape and flora. Thus in many parts of the Sudanian zone of West Africa sahelisation phenomena will remain and even increase independently from the reestablishment of the more humid climate conditions of the 1950ies. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: In order to maintain some parts of the characteristic Sudanian landscape with its characteristic flora and vegetation, the number and size of protected areas should be augmented. For all protected areas it has to be ensured, that protection is reality, i.e. respected an understood by local people, not only fiction. As long as the enlargement of intensively used areas continues the sahelisation of flora, vegetation and landscape will continue too.     

智能家电的低待机功耗研究

从智能家电待机工作状态入手,分析电器产品中参与待机工作的各部分电路原理,提出降低潜在功耗设计思路和计算方法,从家电设计研发阶段对待机功耗进行控制,同时对待机功耗精确测量方法关键点进行解读以控制低功耗测试不确定度,有助于低待机功耗设计和测量的标准化和规范化。     

Environmental implications of planned obsolescence and product lifetime: a literature review

The aim of this paper was to explore the implications of planned obsolescence (PO) and the associated product lifetime on the environmental impact of products. To achieve this task, a literature review was performed to assess both the historical context and recent situation of planned obsolescence. A search in scholarly journals was performed to evaluate to what extent product lifetime and PO have been discussed in the recent literature. Based on the findings, selected cases of PO are discussed and trends in the practice of limiting product lifetime are identified. Factors considered to have a significant influence on product lifetime have been identified and discussed. The discussion of case studies made it possible to establish the links between product design, manufacturing and associated impacts of lifetime. The role of the actors along the value chain is also considered to propose a business scheme, where the influences of consumer behaviour and design choices are crucial. Finally, strategies to facilitate the definition of different scenarios are given. These strategies may serve to increase the reliability of environmental assessment throughout a product life cycle.     

The influence of the level of definition of functional specifications on the environmental performances of a complex system. EcoCSP approach

The tendency towards a homogenous mode of development modelled on that of Western countries means that sustainable development has become increasingly urgent. It is necessary to thoroughly redefine products and their expected performances in such a way that the consequences are compatible with sustainable development. In the domain of product design, this means that it is no longer sufficient to use assessment tools “after the fact” to check the impact of products whose functional unit (FU) was defined prior to production; it is now necessary to rethink the definition of the FU itself. This article aims to present an approach based on a combination of life cycle analysis methods and problem-solving by constraint satisfaction. This original approach makes it possible to vary the design of the different dimensions of the FUs of a complex system and thus to make it easier to identify the best architecture along with the best functional definition of the system. In this study, the EcoCSP approach is applied to define the functional performances of an ecological passenger ferry. The complexity of couplings between subsystems and the sheer number of those subsystems mean that the designer has to use “intelligent” tools. These simulate a great number of scenarios and help him/her to fine-tune the system and make the right technological choices with regard to the right functional specifications.