安徽省内电网设备常用钢材大气腐蚀试验研究

目的针对在安徽省内H1、R1及T28三个站点自然环境下暴露1年后的Q235、40Cr及镀锌钢,开展腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物及腐蚀层形貌的研究,探讨其大气腐蚀机理。方法采用称量法计算腐蚀质量损失,通过光学及电子显微镜法观察腐蚀层表面及截面形貌,用电子能谱仪测试微区成分,用X-射线衍射法测试腐蚀层的物相构成。结果 Q235、40Cr的大气腐蚀产物为Fe OOH、Fe3O4、Fe(OH)3及FeSO4,镀锌钢则为Zn O及Zn SO4。Q235、40Cr腐蚀层表面分布着绒球状的α-FeOOH及片状的γ-FeOOH,镀锌钢大气腐蚀层致密,但T28站点镀锌钢表面形成点状的腐蚀坑,腐蚀防护能力降低。结论同一站点三种钢腐蚀速率大小次序为40CrQ235镀锌钢,站点R1钢的腐蚀速率最大,站点T28的腐蚀速率最小。     

水力停留时间对曝气生物滤池处理效能及运行特性的影响

通过实验室模型试验研究了曝气生物滤池处理模拟生活污水的效能,分析了水力停留时间(HRT)变化对曝气生物滤池处理效果及运行特性的影响规律。研究发现,当HRT大于0.6h时,曝气生物滤池具有良好的有机物和浊度的去除效果,而当HRT为0．4h时,处理效果则显著下降;反应器的硝化反硝化脱氮能力受HRT的影响比较明显,缩短HRT将使氨氮和总氮去除率迅速下降,当HRT为1.25h时,氨氮和总氮去除率分别达到70%和40％以上;缩短HRT会在一定程度上促进亚硝酸盐积累现象的发生。而反应器的过滤周期则与HRT呈明显的线性关系。     

南方某水源水中天然有机物的特点及氯胺对氯化消毒副产物的控制

在对天然有机物分类的基础上进行了水体中有机物的特性研究,并采用氯胺对不同特性有机物的氯化消毒副产物进行了控制研究。结果表明,疏水酸占有机物总量的24%,疏水中性物质占41%,疏水性有机物占67%;对于三卤甲烷类消毒副产物生成势,疏水酸所产生的最多,疏水碱次之,亲水酸最少;对于卤乙酸类消毒副产物生成势,疏水碱产生的三卤乙酸最多,其次为疏水酸,亲水酸最少。氯胺对不同类有机物氯化消毒副产物控制程度不同,氯胺对疏水中性物质控制三卤甲烷类消毒副产物最好,其次是疏水碱和亲水碱;对疏水酸的三卤甲烷生成量控制较弱,对亲水酸的控制效果最差;氯胺对亲水碱氯化产生卤乙酸的控制效果最好,其次是疏水碱,控制效果最差的为疏水中性物质。     

水煤浆燃料环境影响的生命周期评价

文章对柴油机替代燃料生命周期环境影响的评价,建立了油水煤浆燃料的评价模型,通过计算分析结果表明,随着油水煤浆中煤炭含量的增加,除光化臭氧形成潜能降低以外,其它污染指标值都有增加,说明油水煤浆系统比柴油系统消耗能量要多,对全球环境有一定影响,但在局部条件下与燃油相比,燃用油水煤浆可以减少NOX等主要污染物的排放量。     

胞外聚合物与溶解性微生物产物的关系

通过活性污泥内源呼吸试验,发现胞外聚合物与溶解性微生物产物之间存在相互转化、吸附与被吸附的关系。内源呼吸初期(0~19h),bound EPS水解生成BAP,细胞自溶过程也释放部分SMP。19~43h,微生物利用SMP中易降解部分生成bound EPS和UAP,大分子量的SMP被bound EPS吸附,并存在一定程度的细胞水解。43~162h为SMP分泌、溶出阶段,内源呼吸加强,微生物脱氢酶活性几乎丧失,细胞水解、自溶。bound EPS表面出现SMP解吸-吸附的交替过程。162~210h期间bound EPS水解及细胞自溶为主要过程。并且产出的SMP可生物降解性较差,对微生物表现出毒性作用,抑制其脱氢酶活性,而在毒性环境下,微生物又产出更多的SMP。     

Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength,hydraulic residence time(HRT),and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product(SMP) production were investigated,to gain insights into the production mechanism.A carrier anaerobic batfled reactor (CABR) treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions,namely,feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L,HRTs of 9-18 h,and temperatures of 10-28℃.Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature.At high temperature (28℃),SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature Was decreased to 18 and 10℃.the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT Therefore,temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) ratio Was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation.SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR.As a secondary metabolite.some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.     

过期环境标准样品的处置方法探讨

分析了环境标准样品过期的原因 ,提出分类、分时段对过期环境标准样品的处理方法 ,并为探讨处置方法提出了进一步努力的方向。     

Life cycle assessment environmental data for structural steel construction in Greece

The construction industry is a critical sector in relation to sustainable development as its optimisation in terms of the consumption of resources can provide significant environmental benefits. To achieve this, a number of tools and methodologies have been developed to assist decision making. Life cycle assessment is one of the most acknowledged and widely used methodologies to assess the sustainability of construction works. Its efficient use, however, requires environmental data that in some cases are not yet available. Especially for sectors such as steel construction in which the potential for sustainable development is increased due to the recycling and reuse potential of the material, the lack of such data slows sustainability-related progress down. The current research addresses this issue by collecting primary environmental data for cold-formed structural steel and compiling the required data-sets. The data-sets are used to assess the environmental impact of an existing steel building and identify how and to what extent the environment is burdened by its construction. The findings of the research include the aforementioned environmental data which can be used in environmental analyses related to construction projects, while additional conclusions concerning the environmental impact of steel buildings in terms of quantity and type were also drawn.     

Biomass‐based targets and the management of multispecies coral reef fisheries

The failure of fisheries management among multispecies coral reef fisheries is well documented and has dire implications for the 100 million people engaged in these small‐scale operations. Weak or missing management institutions, a lack of research capacity, and the complex nature of these ecosystems have heralded a call for ecosystem‐based management approaches. However, ecosystem‐based management of coral reef fisheries has proved challenging due to the multispecies nature of catches and the diversity of fish functional roles. We used data on fish communities collected from 233 individual sites in 9 western Indian Ocean countries to evaluate changes in the site's functional composition and associated life‐history characteristics along a large range of fish biomass. As biomass increased along this range, fish were larger and grew and matured more slowly while the abundance of scraping and predatory species increased. The greatest changes in functional composition occurred below relatively low standing stock biomass (<600 kg/ha); abundances of piscivores, apex predators, and scraping herbivores were low at very light levels of fishing. This suggests potential trade‐offs in ecosystem function and estimated yields for different management systems. Current fishing gear and area restrictions are not achieving conservation targets (proposed here as standing stock biomass of 1150 kg/ha) and result in losses of life history and ecological functions. Fish in reefs where destructive gears were restricted typically had very similar biomass and functions to young and low compliance closures. This indicates the potentially important role of fisheries restrictions in providing some gains in biomass and associated ecological functions when fully protected area enforcement potential is limited and likely to fail. Our results indicate that biomass alone can provide broad ecosystem‐based fisheries management targets that can be easily applied even where research capacity and information is limited. Of particular value, is our finding that current management tools may be used to reach key ecosystem‐based management targets, enabling ecosystem‐based management in many socioeconomic contexts.     

延长冷挤压凸模使用寿命的研究

W6Mo5Cr4V2钢冷挤压凸模,应用1200℃淬火、560℃回火三次,磨削加工,软氮化和滚压的复合强化工艺,可以改善其表面凹凸状况,产生较大的残余压应力,使其寿命得到大幅度提高。