活性炭应用测试新技术——微型快速穿透实验

进行了微型快速穿透(MCRB)实验与中小型、小型传统穿透实验方法的对照实验,结果表明,MCRB实验适用于模拟大型活性炭床的穿透情况,预测处理费用以及精选活性炭.MCRB实验加快了实验速度,避免了传统穿透实验中常见的问题.空床接触时间(EBCT)、活性炭粒径对MCRB实验有一定影响.使用粒径120～180目的活性炭,MCRB实验的压力一般小于3.03×10⁵Pa.MCRB实验对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)和甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)模拟废水的吸附处理获得合理的研究结果.     

机载设备的噪声环境试验研究

介绍了标准中所规定的试验载荷的计算方法,2种噪声试验装置——高声强混响室和高声强行波管,以及高声强试验系统和测试系统的组成。以GJB 150．86—17的图1声谱为基准,开展了机载设备的噪声环境试验研究,对噪声试验中试验夹具的设计和制造、试验样品的安装、试验前的检查和试验程序进行了说明,采用了开环和闭环方式控制声场,试验结果达到了国军标的要求。     

Sorption of Cu and Zn by bone charcoal

Bone charcoal is being developed as a treatment for decontaminating polluted water. In particular, its potential to adsorb metal species from contaminated water supplies is being examined. In this study, bone charcoal was used in batch and column experiments designed to investigate the sorption of two cationic metals Cu and Zn. The data from batch experiments fitted the Langmuir isotherm and so theoretical maximum binding capacities could be obtained. These values were compared with experimental values derived from the column experiments. The mechanisms involved in the immobilisation were also investigated.     

碳市场发电企业违约分级累进处罚机制研究

在确保减排效率的前提下,以全国碳市场中的发电企业为研究对象,以实现碳市场经济剩余最大化为目标,构建政府和双寡头企业的两阶段动态博弈模型,研究分级累进处罚机制对大型和小型企业发电量、利润的影响,以及在实行分级累进处罚机制的碳市场中经济剩余的实现.算例结果表明：随着罚款系数的增加,违约企业是大型发电企业时,总发电量、企业总利润和经济剩余大幅减少7.47%、15.34%、5.88%;违约企业是小型发电企业时,总发电量小幅减少1.43%,企业总利润小幅减少3.39%或上升0.03%,经济剩余小幅上升0.13%;大型违约企业未参与碳交易时,企业总利润大幅减少16.35%,参与碳交易时,企业总利润小幅减少15.34%;小型违约企业未参与碳交易时,企业总利润大幅减少3.39%,参与碳交易时,企业总利润小幅上升0.03%,分级累进处罚机制能够有效的遏制企业的违约行为.因此,在设计发电行业处罚机制时,应加大处罚力度;设置分级累进处罚机制,分别根据企业规模和碳市场参与度进行分级和累进,并建立有效的监管制度.     

Colloid‐facilitated transport of metolachlor through intact soil columns

Abstract

This study evaluated the role of water dispersible colloids with diverse physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics in facilitating the transport of metolachlor through macropores of intact soil columns. The soil columns represented upper solum horizons of an Alfisol in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky. Three different colloid suspensions tagged with metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐l‐methylethyl)acetamide] were introduced at a constant flux into undisturbed soil columns. The eluents were collected and analyzed periodically for colloid and metolachlor concentrations. Colloid recovery in the eluents ranged from 54 to 90 %. The presence of colloids enhanced the transport of metolachlor by 22 to 70 % depending on the colloid type and mobility. Colloids with higher pH, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total exchangeable bases (TEB), surface area (SA), and electrophoretic mobility (EM), showed better mobility, greater affinity for interaction with the herbicide and, thus, greater potential to co‐transport metolachlor. In contrast, increased level of kaolinite, Fe, and Al inhibited metolachlor adsorption and transport. In spite of the increased transportability of metolachlor by the presence of soil colloids, the colloid bound herbicide portion accounted for a very small part of the observed increase. This suggests that surface site exclusion mechanisms and preferential sorption induced by the presence of colloids are more important than ion exchange phenomena in promoting herbicide mobility in subsurface environments.     

我国新环境保护法的突破与展望

论述了我国新环境保护法,国家环境保护规划应当坚持保护优先、预防为主、综合治理、突出重点、全面推进的原则等;新修订的《环保法》要求建立资源环境承载能力监测预警机制;推动多元共治的现代环境治理体系是加大经济处罚的力度。设计了罚款的按日连续计罚规则;要求政府主管部门应当公开环境信息,应当制定和完善公众参与的程序,为公众参与环境监督提供便利等。最后进行了展望。     

卫生填埋场防渗层工作性能的数值模型研究

粘土衬垫的防渗性能和吸附阻滞性能对卫生填埋场防渗系统工作性能有着重要影响。通过建立一维对流-弥散模型,分析了渗透系数、扩散系数、入渗强度、吸附能力对渗漏量及衬垫击穿时间的影响。考虑实际工程的复杂性,建立能反映土体分层、土体非均质性、地下水运动及宏观弥散等复杂因素影响的污染物运移二维分析模型,并对各参数的敏感性进行分析。计算结果表明,保持填埋场在低渗滤液水位下运行,对提高衬垫的防渗效果及耐久性有重要意义;受材料本身性质、施工质量等因素的影响,粘土衬垫的渗透系数变异性往往较大,渗透系数提高一个数量级时,衬垫击穿时间显著缩短;渗透系数恒定时,衬垫击穿时间与材料阻滞因子成线性变化关系;地下水分布及运动情况对污染物运移及分布有重要影响,地下水位越低,竖向入渗越明显,入渗区下部土体的吸附性能发挥越充分,到达地下水及下部土体的污染物浓度越低。     

火灾下工程结构连续性倒塌分析与设计方法探讨

给出了火灾下工程结构连续性倒塌的定义,分析了工程结构在火灾作用下的特点,并给出了火灾连续性倒塌判断流程。在介绍目前常用的工程结构抗连续性倒塌分析设计方法的基础上,提出了采用替代路径法中的非线性静力分析方法对建筑结构进行火灾作用下抗连续性倒塌设计的思路。     

Evaluation of zeolite-sand mixtures as reactive materials protecting groundwater at waste disposal sites

To recognize properties of a mixture of Vistula sand (medium sand acc. to USCS) with Slovak zeolite as reactive materials suitable for permeable reactive barriers proposed for protection of groundwater environment in vicinity of old landfills comprehensive laboratory investigations were performed. The present study investigates the removal of contaminants specific for landfill leachates onto zeolite-sand mixtures containing 20%, 50% and 80% of zeolite (ZS20, ZS50 and ZS80). Taking into account the results of batch tests it was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm best fitted the data. It was observed that the presence of ammonium, calcium and magnesium decreases the removal efficiency of copper by 32%. Column tests of contaminant migration through the attenuation zone of the reactive materials were interpreted using the software package CXTFIT, which solves a one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Column test results also indicate the strong influence of the presence of interfering substances on copper immobilisation; dynamic sorption capacities decrees twofold. Throughout the landfill leachate flow through ZS80 sample, a constant reduction of NH+4 (at 100%), K+ (at 93%) and Fe total (at an average of 86%) were observed. There was no reduction in chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand.     

电袋复合除尘器大型化的关键技术探讨

通过对电袋复合除尘器大型化几个关键问题的分析,寻找应对的技术措施,并通过试验研究和工程实践的完善,使这些技术在大型化方面取得重大突破,并成功应用于大型燃煤电站的烟气治理。