矿化垃圾对焦化废水吸附能力与降解能力的研究

通过对矿化垃圾生物反应器处理焦化废水的研究,以穿透曲线为理论依据,确定了反应床的设计方案,采取以海绵作为生物反应床的隔层,很好地解决废水贴壁短路的现象,提高了单位矿化垃圾的吸附量。同时对不同温度、不同CODCr浓度以及不同进料量进行了优化。微生物的降解能力在30℃时更理想,且矿化垃圾对氨氮的吸附能力远远好于CODCr,微生物生长所需要的最适pH值为7.5。高浓度CODCr对微生物的抑制作用导致生物降解能力小于矿化垃圾反应床的吸附能力。     

麦草对水中苯胺的动态吸附研究

通过对苯胺初始浓度、流速、初始pH值和吸附床高度对穿透曲线的影响进行探讨,采用BDST模型和Thomas模型对动态实验数据进行线性拟合分析,研究了麦草对水中苯胺的动态吸附性能。结果表明：麦草能够有效地去除水中的苯胺,随着吸附床高度增加,穿透时间延长;而随着苯胺初始浓度、流速和pH值的增大,穿透时间急剧缩短。BDST模型能够准确地预测新的操作条件下的穿透时间,误差均〈5％;Thomas模型能够很好地描述麦草对苯胺的动态吸附动力学,由Thomas模型获得的麦草吸附柱对苯胺的动态吸附量与实验值相符。对吸附饱和后的麦草可用0．6mol／L盐酸进行解吸。     

泡沫活性炭的制备及其对丙酮的吸附性能研究

以中间相沥青和原煤为原料,在高温高压下发泡成型,经过高温炭化和水蒸气活化后制得了比表面积为672m2/g、中孔发达的泡沫状成型活性炭(MACFoam).该成型活性炭中含有大量的微米级孔道并具有良好的透气性,可以作为气流通道.由其所装填的吸附床层对丙酮的吸附行为与颗粒活性炭相似,可以使用Yoon-Nelson方程对实验穿...     

Short-Term Hydroscheduling with Discrepant Objectives Using Multi-Step Progressive Optimality Algorithm1

Cheng, Chuntian, Jianjian Shen, Xinyu Wu, and Kwok-wing Chau, 2012. Short-Term Hydroscheduling with Discrepant Objectives Using Multi-step Progressive Optimality Algorithm. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 464-479. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00628.x Abstract: With increase in the number and total capacity of hydropower plants in power systems, optimality algorithms with a single objective are not suitable for optimizing the operation of complex hydropower systems to meet complex demands. Hydropower plants should prioritize discrepant objectives, such as peak regulation and maximizing generation during solving of optimal operation problems of hydropower systems. In this article, we present a multi-step progressive optimality algorithm (MSPOA) for the short-term hydroscheduling (STHS) problem to improve the quality of optimal solutions and enhance the convergence speed of progressive optimality algorithm (POA). In MSPOA, the original problem is first decomposed into a sequence of problems with the longer time steps. Next, the problem with the longest time step is solved, and the optimal solution is used as the initial solution for the problem with the second longest time step. This process proceeds until the original problem with the shortest time step is solved. The proposed discrepant-objective method and solution technique are tested for two types of hydroelectric systems. The results show that MSPOA can give better solutions and cost less time than POA due to enlarging feasible range of decision variables and reducing the number of computational stages. Discrepant objectives among hydropower plants can express the operation characteristics of complex hydropower systems more accurately than unique objective or multiple objectives.     

Relative influence of the dissolved humic material on the solid-phase extraction efficiency of pesticides from environmental water

The effect of organic matter on the solid-phase extraction (SPE) efficiency for pesticides belonging to different chemical groups (urea-derivatives, carbamates and triazines) and having different polarities, was simultaneously studied for the first time in pure and simulated water samples. SPE was carried out in precolumns packed with C18 silica or styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer PLRP-S phases on-line coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Retention factors in water (k'_W) were estimated for 25 compounds and used for the calculation of the theoretical breakthrough volume (Vb_T) in pure water. Experimental breakthrough volumes (Vb_E) were first determined using purified and deionized water as the matrix for selected compounds having Vb_T < 500 mL; then, the same water with an added humic acid sodium salt (HA) at 0.4–5.6 mg/L of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, was used as the matrix for compounds having VbE < 500 mL in pure water. Several polar pesticides showed negative linear or logarithmic Vb_E curves depending on HA content; their recoveries were also determined in environmental samples having low dissolved organic carbon values, between 0.5–6.4 mg/L. A similar behavior was observed for these compounds in simulated and natural water samples, where DOC concentration and the percolated volume (Vp) mainly determine the solute recoveries values. However, the variation of recoveries as a function of DOC content could be negative or null depending on the two examined conditions (Vp lower or larger than Vb_E in pure water). Results demonstrated that breakthrough volume must always be considered to correctly interpret the participation of dissolved humic material on the SPE efficiency of organic micropollutants in water.     

矿化垃圾固定床吸附过程和穿透曲线预测

以轴向扩散模型和恒定图式假设为基础,推导出了适用于预测固定床穿透曲线的积分模型.通过动态循环法对苯酚和对氯苯酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附行为进行了研究,采用Freundlich等温吸附方程描述穿透曲线,并得到了便于应用的代数模型.通过不同条件下固定床实验来确认模型,结果证实模型可以很好地描述穿透曲线.同时讨论了操作参数和矿化垃圾特性对穿透曲线的影响,结果表明,较低的进料浓度和进科流量以及内扩散和轴向扩散的影响都会造成实际穿透曲线与预测穿透曲线之间的偏差.     

磷酸盐对农药草甘膦在不同土壤中迁移的影响

通过饱和土壤与恒定水流速率条件下的土柱混合置换实验,定量分析流出液中草甘膦浓度随时间变化的穿透曲线(BTCs)来预测其在环境中潜在的淋溶损失能力.结果表明,砂土中草甘膦的迁移能力大于红壤水稻土;对红壤水稻土来说,加磷酸盐有增加草甘膦移动性的趋势,砂土中情况刚好相反.因此磷酸盐对草甘膦移动性的影响效果视土壤类型的不同而异.     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯在颗粒活性炭中的穿透特性

在25℃条件下,研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）的动态吸附特性及其影响因素.在不同进水流量（0.65～4 mL·min^-1）、GAC粒径（550～1　250　μm）、DMP初始浓度（50～400　mg·L^-1）和GAC炭量（0.75～1.4 g）条件下,考察了DMP在GAC柱中的穿透特性.研究表明,GAC对DMP的吸附容量较大,Yoon-Nelson模型能够很好地拟合各种工况下的动态穿透曲线;动态吸附容量随着进水流量和GAC粒径的增大而减小,相反,随着DMP初始浓度和GAC炭量的增大而增大.根据试验数据和Yoon-Nelson模型计算出穿透参数K′、T和穿透点t₁以及平衡点t₂.在建立了各影响因素与Yoon-Nelson穿透模型参数之间的关系基础上,得到了活性炭柱出水浓度与穿透时间和各影响因素之间的动态关系模型.     

定流量条件下壤土夹层对苯和Br-穿透包气带的影响

为研究壤土夹层对VOCs穿透包气带的影响,以苯为特征污染物,NaBr为示踪剂开展室内的渗流模拟土柱实验。模拟包气带对苯的吸附实验,确定吸附平衡时间、最大吸附量,分析砂土和粉质壤土对苯的吸附特性;设计渗流土柱实验,模拟定流量降雨条件下苯在不同构型的土柱中的迁移过程,分析壤土夹层在时间和空间上对苯穿透包气带到达含水层的影响,并得出弥散系数和阻滞系数。结果表明,相对黏粒含量高的壤土夹层显著改变了溴离子的穿透曲线,对污染水有明显的阻水减渗作用,不仅延迟了苯向含水层的迁移时间,而且在一定程度上起到了吸附、降解的阻滞作用,有效降低了特征污染物穿透包气带的含量。     

基于机器学习的浮标实时自动化赤潮预警研究

实现赤潮预警对于减轻海洋环境灾害、避免海洋产业特别是海洋渔业重大经济损失具有重要意义。针对当前水文监测数据海量却难以实现实时自动化监测与预警,特别是难以利用传统监测手段实现对危害更大的赤潮的精准实时预测这一显著问题,提出利用浮标数据作为依据,借助机器学习在大数据分析和智能决策方面的优势,建立一种新颖的双重递进式赤潮预警机制的方法。首先,通过相关算法分析历史数据,以确认赤潮初步预警阈值;其次,对叶绿素a、pH、溶解氧等重要监测指标的当前和阶段性变化进行初步分析,判断是否达到预警触发条件;然后,进一步联合分类、回归、聚类、神经网络等机器学习相关方法,对数据进行深度挖掘;最后,通过这种递进式的机制对短期内是否会发生赤潮作出判断,以实现赤潮自动化预警预报。在此基础上,利用宁波梅山湾实际监测数据,证实了该方法在赤潮实时自动化预警中的有效性。