认知过程中交通标志视认有效性影响因素分析

应用认知心理学的理论及方法,对驾驶员感知交通标志的心理过程进行分析,提出一种将驾驶员的直觉、分析和推理三者相结合的驾驶员信息处理模型。从标志和驾驶员特征出发对影响标志视认性的因素给出基于心理感知的理论分析。该分析结果为驾驶员认知过程研究、标志视认有效性的评价指标选取和相关系统开发设计提供了依据。     

基于交通心理的行人不安全行为研究

基于交通心理学原理,对城市行人交通不安全行为进行研讨.分析了行人出行认知心理与行为的关系,给出行人信息处理过程的概念模型,指出行人的认知心理状态与交通事故关系密切.以定性分析的方法,把行人不安全行为归为有意和无意两类,从主客观方面分析行人心理对不安全行为的影响.通过实际交通调查及对实测数据的统计处理,表明行人交通安全意识淡薄,性别、年龄和有无驾照对行人交通安全意识有重要影响;系统分析了行人不安全行为的心理因素.从行人心理角度考虑,给出了一些相应的改善行人交通不安全行为的教育、管理、法制方面的建议和预防措施,例如:从行人心理角度对过街设施进行合理设置,从驾驶员心理角度考虑改善行人交通安全,对人行天桥和地道进行人性化设置等,将心理学行为矫正法原理应用于行人交通管理中.     

School building condition,school attendance,and academic achievement in New York City public schools: A mediation model

Little is known about how the condition of school facilities affects academic outcomes. This study examines the role of school attendance as a mediator in the relationship between facilities in disrepair and student grades in city and state tests. Data on building condition and results from English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematics (Math) standardized tests were analyzed using a sample of 95 elementary schools in New York City. Variables relevant to academic achievement such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, teacher quality, and school size were used as covariates. In run-down school facilities students attended less days on average and therefore had lower grades in ELA and Math standardized tests. Attendance was found to be a full mediator for grades in ELA and a partial mediator for grades in Math. This study provides empirical evidence of the effects of building quality on academic outcomes and considers the social justice issues related to this phenomenon.     

汽车色彩设计对交通安全的影响研究

人的因素对道路交通安全的影响最大,色彩作用于人的生理与心理,能给人不同的心理感受.介绍了色彩的属性和几种常见颜色的色彩心理;根据色彩的生理心理特性,从车身和驾驶室配色等方面,采用安全心理学和色彩心理学以及定性分析的方法,分析了汽车色彩对交通安全和驾驶员反应的重要影响;最后提出了对汽车进行安全色彩设计的构想,并给出汽车安全色彩设计的原则、体系和步骤;对车身和驾驶室进行安全色彩设计,其中合理的色彩模拟系统的开发是关键.与其他有效的交通管理措施相结合,从而达到交通系统和谐的效果.     

一种安全分析新思路--安全薄弱环节评价

职业安全和公共安全有许多共同点,可以把公共安全技术用于职业安全,公共安全主要有3种工作方法：安全监察、风险评价（或叫设计隐患）和薄弱环节评价。后者常常最有效。公共安全的薄弱评价法可以用于职业安全分析,象“坏人”一样思考有利于辨识安全薄弱环节。安全薄弱环节评价可以为职业安全分析提供新的视角。     

A typology of time‐scale mismatches and behavioral interventions to diagnose and solve conservation problems

Ecological systems often operate on time scales significantly longer or shorter than the time scales typical of human decision making, which causes substantial difficulty for conservation and management in socioecological systems. For example, invasive species may move faster than humans can diagnose problems and initiate solutions, and climate systems may exhibit long‐term inertia and short‐term fluctuations that obscure learning about the efficacy of management efforts in many ecological systems. We adopted a management‐decision framework that distinguishes decision makers within public institutions from individual actors within the social system, calls attention to the ways socioecological systems respond to decision makers’ actions, and notes institutional learning that accrues from observing these responses. We used this framework, along with insights from bedeviling conservation problems, to create a typology that identifies problematic time‐scale mismatches occurring between individual decision makers in public institutions and between individual actors in the social or ecological system. We also considered solutions that involve modifying human perception and behavior at the individual level as a means of resolving these problematic mismatches. The potential solutions are derived from the behavioral economics and psychology literature on temporal challenges in decision making, such as the human tendency to discount future outcomes at irrationally high rates. These solutions range from framing environmental decisions to enhance the salience of long‐term consequences, to using structured decision processes that make time scales of actions and consequences more explicit, to structural solutions aimed at altering the consequences of short‐sighted behavior to make it less appealing. Additional application of these tools and long‐term evaluation measures that assess not just behavioral changes but also associated changes in ecological systems are needed.     

Sentiment analysis as a measure of conservation culture in scientific literature

Culturomics is emerging as an important field within science, as a way to measure attitudes and beliefs and their dynamics across time and space via quantitative analysis of digitized data from literature, news, film, social media, and more. Sentiment analysis is a culturomics tool that, within the last decade, has provided a means to quantify the polarity of attitudes expressed within various media. Conservation science is a crisis discipline; therefore, accurate and effective communication are paramount. We investigated how conservation scientists communicate their findings through scientific journal articles. We analyzed 15,001 abstracts from articles published from 1998 to 2017 in 6 conservation-focused journals selected based on indexing in scientific databases. Articles were categorized by year, focal taxa, and the conservation status of the focal species. We calculated mean sentiment score for each abstract (mean adjusted z score) based on 4 lexicons (Jockers-Rinker, National Research Council, Bing, and AFINN). We found a significant positive annual trend in the sentiment scores of articles. We also observed a significant trend toward increasing negativity along the spectrum of conservation status categories (i.e., from least concern to extinct). There were some clear differences in the sentiments with which research on different taxa was reported, however. For example, abstracts mentioning lobe finned fishes tended to have high sentiment scores, which could be related to the rediscovery of the coelacanth driving a positive narrative. Contrastingly, abstracts mentioning elasmobranchs had low scores, possibly reflecting the negative sentiment score associated with the word shark. Sentiment analysis has applications in science, especially as it pertains to conservation psychology, and we suggest a new science-based lexicon be developed specifically for the field of conservation.     

The complex relationship between personal sense of connection to animals and self‐reported proenvironmental behaviors by zoo visitors

The global biodiversity crisis requires an engaged citizenry that provides collective support for public policies and recognizes the consequences of personal consumption decisions. Understanding the factors that affect personal engagement in proenvironmental behaviors is essential for the development of actionable conservation solutions. Zoos and aquariums may be some of the only places where many people can explore their relations with wild animals and proenvironmental behaviors. Using a moderated‐mediation analysis of a survey of U.S. zoo and aquarium visitors (n = 3588), we explored the relationship between the sense of connection to animals and self‐reported engagement in proenvironmental behaviors related to climate change and how this relationship is affected by certainty that climate change is happening, level of concern about climate change, and perceptions of effectiveness in personally addressing climate change. We found a significant, directional relationship between sense of connection to animals and self‐reported proenvironmental behaviors. Political inclination within the conservative to liberal spectrum did not affect the relationship. We conclude that a personal sense of connection to animals may provide a foundation for educational and communication strategies to enhance involvement in proenvironmental actions.     

Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice

We examined the connection between individuals’ relationships with the natural environment and their environmental behaviors with a focus on commitment to the environment, defined as psychological attachment and long-term orientation to the natural world. Commitment is theorized to emerge from structural interdependence with the environment and to lead to pro-environmental behaviors. Close relationships research has identified three key antecedents to commitment (satisfaction, alternatives, and investments). We developed environment-specific measures of these constructs, and factor analysis verified three distinct factors. A path analysis revealed that satisfaction with the environment and investments in the environment, but not alternatives to the environment, predicted commitment to the environment. Moreover, commitment mediated the effects of satisfaction and investments on general ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice for the environment. In regression analyses, commitment predicted general ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice for the environment, even when controlling for ecological worldview, inclusion of nature in the self, connectedness to nature, and environmental identity. Individuals who are satisfied with and invested in the natural world are likely to be committed to the environment and act with the well-being of the environment in mind.