Spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution estimated by different interpolation methods: accuracy and uncertainty analysis

Mapping the spatial distribution of contaminants in soils is the basis of pollution evaluation and risk control. Interpolation methods are extensively applied in the mapping processes to estimate the heavy metal concentrations at unsampled sites. The performances of interpolation methods (inverse distance weighting, local polynomial, ordinary kriging and radial basis functions) were assessed and compared using the root mean square error for cross validation. The results indicated that all interpolation methods provided a high prediction accuracy of the mean concentration of soil heavy metals. However, the classic method based on percentages of polluted samples, gave a pollution area 23.54-41.92% larger than that estimated by interpolation methods. The difference in contaminated area estimation among the four methods reached 6.14%. According to the interpolation results, the spatial uncertainty of polluted areas was mainly located in three types of region: (a) the local maxima concentration region surrounded by low concentration (clean) sites, (b) the local minima concentration region surrounded with highly polluted samples; and (c) the boundaries of the contaminated areas.     

饱和南京细砂孔压增量模型的普适性研究

循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的孔压增长规律是土动力学的核心内容之一。基于笔者在给定相对密度、均等固结条件下饱和南京细砂的不排水等幅循环三轴试验结果建立的孔压增量模型,进一步进行了不同相对密度、不同固结比务件下饱和南京细砂的不排水等幅循环三轴试验,将上述均等固结的孔压增量模型拓展为适用于不同相对密度、均等和非均等固结条件的孔压增量模型。采用拓展后的孔压增量模型对试验结果进行分析的结果表明:通过该孔压增量模型预测验证试验的孔压与验证试验测试的孔压具有较好的一致性,说明该孔压增量模型具有普适性。     

深圳市不同土类的重金属环境背景值与理化性质特征

城市土壤环境背景值特征研究可为制定区域土壤背景值标准提供科学依据.为摸清深圳市不同土类重金属（Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Co、V、Cd和Hg）的环境背景值特征,探究重金属环境背景值与土壤理化性质的关系,在全市布设500个土壤背景点位,采用多点增量法采集500个土壤表层（0~20 cm）样品,赤红壤405个,红壤77个,黄壤18个.结果表明：①红壤重金属的背景值整体偏低,赤红壤Cr、Ni、Co和V以及黄壤Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cd的背景值高于其他土类;3种土类中Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Co和V的背景值比全国"七五"背景值低,Cd和Hg背景值与全国"七五"背景值较为接近,Pb背景值高于全国"七五"背景值;②9种重金属背景值的空间分布规律差异较大,Pb、Zn和Co呈明显的地带性分布格局,Cr、Cu、Ni、V、Cd和Hg表现为点状分布格局;③将不同土类重金属背景值与理化性质参数进行相关性分析,发现赤红壤重金属背景值与理化性质的相关性最为显著;④通过逐步回归分析,将赤红壤中重金属背景值与理化性质参数的关系进行定量化表达,探明影响赤红壤重金属背景值的理化性质参数依次为机械组成、pH、有机质和阳离子交换量.     

地铁振动引起的二次辐射噪声适用标准研究

研究了城市地铁产生的二次辐射噪声测量现状及评价方法,依据现行地铁二次辐射噪声监测相关标准,对城市地铁产生的二次辐射噪声进行测量,将JGJ/T 170—2009、GB 50118—2010和GB/T 50355—2018中规定的限值与地铁二次辐射噪声的特征频谱、环境影响评价以及噪声限值进行了对比分析。结果显示,现行标准限值在执行中存在一定的不完善之处,需要根据实测数据重新分析评价标准的适用性、准确性和合理性。结合当前噪声管理的社会需求,提出了声级增量和特征频谱增量的概念,并将分析结果与现行标准值进行了比较分析,表明声级增量和特征频谱增量能更好地反映二次辐射噪声的影响,对于地铁二次辐射噪声标准的制修订具有参考价值。     

轴向约束钢柱温度应力影响因素研究

建筑结构多为超静定结构.火灾条件下,组成结构的各构件在受到不均匀温度作用时,构件内将会产生温度应力.温度应力增加了构件的作用荷载,并影响受火钢柱的稳定性,是导致约束钢柱屈服破坏的主要原因.根据文献分析,轴向约束钢柱的温度应力影响因素主要有轴向约束刚度、长细比、初应力水平和构件升温.采用试验方法研究各因素对约束钢柱温度应力的影响规律.在温度应力增长阶段,构件所产生的温度应力与构件的温度升高值之间为线性关系,温度越高,温度应力越大.温度应力随轴向约束刚度和长细比的增大而增大;初应力水平越高,温度应力值越小.初应力水平的大小不影响温度应力的增长,但决定构件何时进入塑性状态.     

Minimum ignition energy theoretical model for flammable gas based on flame propagation layer by layer

To achieve the rapid prediction of minimum ignition energy (MIE) for premixed gases with wide-span equivalence ratios, a theoretical model is developed based on the proposed idea of flame propagation layer by layer. The validity and high accuracy of this model in predicting MIE have been corroborated against experimental data (from literature) and traditional models. In comparison, this model is mainly applicable to uniform premixed flammable mixtures, and the ignition source needs to be regarded as a punctiform energy source. Nevertheless, this model can exhibit higher accuracy (up to 90%) than traditional models when applied to premixed gases with wide-span equivalence ratios, such as C₃H₈-air mixtures with 0.7–1.5 equivalence ratios, CH₄-air mixtures with 0.7–1.25 equivalence ratios, H₂-air mixtures with 0.6–3.15 equivalence ratios et al. Further, the model parameters have been pre-determined using a 20 L spherical closed explosion setup with a high-speed camera, and then the MIE of common flammable gases (CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, C₄H₁₀, C₂H₄, C₃H₆, C₂H₂, C₃H₄, C₂H₆O, CO and H₂) under stoichiometric or wide-span equivalence ratios has been calculated. Eventually, the influences of model parameters on MIE have been discussed. Results show that MIE is the sum of the energy required for flame propagation during ignition. The increase in exothermic and heat transfer efficiency for fuel molecules can reduce MIE, whereas prolonging the flame induction period can increase MIE.     

Natural under-canopy regeneration and height-age structure of small-leaved linden (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tilia cordata</Emphasis> Mill.) undergrowth in water-conservation forests around Pavlovskoe Reservoir,Ufa River

Natural regeneration and the height-age structure of small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) under a forest canopy were studied with regard to specific features of forest typology on the Ufa Plateau. For the first time, the height-age structure of linden undergrowth was analyzed by an anatomical method, which allowed accurate determination of the actual plant age and linear increment. The results of this analysis made it possible to reveal three periods in the development of linden undergrowth with respect to the linear growth rate and abundance of plants. More successful regeneration of linden was observed in open elements of relief.     

Ecological Consequences of Transient Outbreaks of Siberian Larch Casebearer,Coleophora sibiricella Flkv., in the Udmurt Republic

A transient population outbreak of the Siberian larch casebearer, Coleophora sibiricella Flkv. (Lepidoptera, Coleophoridae), in a protective forest strip and its consequences for the host tree species (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) have been studied for the first time. It has been shown that one-time complete defoliation by this pest and the following infestation by xylophagous insects result in tree death, while the productivity of surviving trees decreases significantly. The results of this study indicate that the Siberian larch casebearer is a major phyllophagous pest of larch and that its populations must be monitored by specialists in forest pathology.     

Effect of acidic deposition on productivity of forest ecosystem and estimation of its economic losses in southern suburbs of Chongqing, China

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Effect of acidic deposition on productivity of forest ecosystem and estimation of its economic losses in southern suburbs of Chongqing

In accordance with principle sand methods of ecology,this paper studied the effects of acidic deposition on productivity and volume increment of masson pine and Cinnamomum campora forest which are widely distributed in southern suburbs of Chongqing. Based on the field data and measurements, a multivariable stepwise regression model was established to analyze the effects of multiple environmental factors on the productivity of the forest ecosystems. This model was used to assess the volume and economic losses of these two forest ecosystems caused by acidic deposition. The results showed that, among the environmental factors, pH value of precipitation, soil depth, soil organic contents and slope are the dominant ones influencing the growth of masson pine forest. It is also shown that the acidic deposition has no clear relation to the growth of C.Campora forest, so development of such broad-leaved forest is suitable in the area.