中国城市化与生态环境耦合度分析

在阐述城市化与生态环境耦合涵义的基础上,利用协同学思想构建二者之间的耦合度模型,并对1985年以来的中国城市化与生态环境耦合度的时空分布进行了分析。研究结果显示:①从时间上看,中国城市化与生态环境交互耦合的时序基本处于颉颃阶段,且二者的耦合协调度较低;②从空间上看,中国省区城市化与生态环境的耦合度和耦合协调度都明显存在着地域性差异,且耦合协调度表现出东部省区普遍高于中西部省区的规律,同时它还和区域经济发展水平存在很大的空间对应关系;③由于经济发展、历史基础、自然条件和政策影响的差异作用,中国省区城市化与生态环境的耦合强度与耦合协调程度在空间分布上不具有对应性。     

关于我国污水资源化的研究

我国面临着严重的水资源危机,污水资源化把水污染防治与解决水资源短缺相结合,具有开源节流与减轻水污染的双重功能,越来越受到关注。文章主要探讨我国污水资源化中存在的问题并提出相关对策。     

污水处理厂污泥的再利用集成技术

将武汉市污水处理厂的剩余活性污泥在不同pH、不同时间下水解,测定水解液的蛋白质含量、重金属离子含量、氨基酸的种类及含量;将水解液制备成蛋白质泡沫灭火剂并测定其灭火参数;将所剩残渣干燥并测定热值,按5%的比例与煤混合压制成蜂窝煤,并测定热值。实验表明,所制备灭火剂的各项指标符合国家标准,所制备蜂窝煤减少了黄泥的使用,增强了蜂窝煤的热值,燃烧试验证明是完全可行的,该集成技术可实现污泥减量化、无害化和资源化利用。     

炼油厂轻污染水回用试验研究

针对某炼油厂轻污染废水水质情况,选用了BAF(生物曝气滤池)工艺+SF(砂滤)工艺对该废水进行净化处理。通过试验研究,得到了BAF工艺合适的运行参数,取得了满意的试验结果。经BAF工艺处理后,出水COD和油平均浓度分别为9.78mg/L和0.24mg/L,再经SF工艺进一步去除SS后,出水SS平均浓度为3.8mg/L,系统处理出水完全达到工业回用水水质要求。试验证明:BAF工艺是一种高效的处理方法,适合炼油厂轻污染水的净化处理。     

生命周期评价在铜渣回收工艺中的应用前景

生命周期评价是判断生产工艺是否真正属于清洁生产范畴的基本方法,为了对铜渣回收工艺的清洁生产评价提供依据,有必要对铜渣回收工艺进行生命周期评价。据此对国内铜渣的回收现状和对钢铁、锌、镁、铬渣、再生铜和电解铜的生产工艺生命周期评价现状进行研究。研究表明:用统计方法和SimaPro7.1软件,通过Eco-indicator99生态指数法,对铜渣回收工艺进行生命周期评价有很好的应用前景。     

Can irrational behaviour maximise fitness?

Behavioural models for both humans and other animals often assume economic rationality on the part of decision makers. Economic rationality supposes that outcomes can be assigned objective values within a stable valuation framework and that choices are made to maximise a decision maker’s expected payoff. Yet, both human and animal behaviour is often not economically rational. Here, we compare economically rational making strategies with a strategy (trade-off contrasts) that has been proposed to account for decision-making behaviour in humans that departs of axiomatic rationality. We model the fitness of these strategies in a simple environment where choices are made on repeated occasions, there is stochastic fluctuation in the choices available at any given time, and uncertainty about what choices will be available in the future. Our results show that, for at least some of the model parameter space, non-rational decision strategies achieve higher fitness than economically rational strategies. The differences were comparable in magnitude to selection differentials observed in nature.     

生态补偿过程动态演化机制及其稳定策略研究

生态补偿是通过调节相关方的利益关系,实现可持续利用生态系统服务的一种手段或制度安排。论文从微观维度对生态补偿问题进行研究,将生态补偿利益群体分为实施群和受益群,建立非对称演化博弈模型,分析各群体利益关系的复制动态、演化稳定策略和演化博弈系统的稳定性。结果表明:在"举报惩罚"制度存在的情况下,两群体间的演化博弈存在唯一的稳定均衡策略(保护、补偿),即实施群选择"保护"策略,受益群选择"补偿"策略,其中实施群决策主导系统稳定性;利益群体各决策选择的比重是稳定均衡策略的重要影响因素,增加实施群和受益群选择"保护"和"补偿"策略的比重,可加快稳定均衡策略的有效形成。     

Economic and Ecological Outcomes of Flexible Biodiversity Offset Systems

The commonly expressed goal of biodiversity offsets is to achieve no net loss of specific biological features affected by development. However, strict equivalency requirements may complicate trading of offset credits, increase costs due to restricted offset placement options, and force offset activities to focus on features that may not represent regional conservation priorities. Using the oil sands industry of Alberta, Canada, as a case study, we evaluated the economic and ecological performance of alternative offset systems targeting either ecologically equivalent areas (vegetation types) or regional conservation priorities (caribou and the Dry Mixedwood natural subregion). Exchanging dissimilar biodiversity elements requires assessment via a generalized metric; we used an empirically derived index of biodiversity intactness to link offsets with losses incurred by development. We considered 2 offset activities: land protection, with costs estimated as the net present value of profits of petroleum and timber resources to be paid as compensation to resource tenure holders, and restoration of anthropogenic footprint, with costs estimated from existing restoration projects. We used the spatial optimization tool MARXAN to develop hypothetical offset networks that met either the equivalent‐vegetation or conservation‐priority targets. Networks that required offsetting equivalent vegetation cost 2–17 times more than priority‐focused networks. This finding calls into question the prudence of equivalency‐based systems, particularly in relatively undeveloped jurisdictions, where conservation focuses on limiting and directing future losses. Priority‐focused offsets may offer benefits to industry and environmental stakeholders by allowing for lower‐cost conservation of valued ecological features and may invite discussion on what land‐use trade‐offs are acceptable when trading biodiversity via offsets. Resultados Económicos y Ecológicos de Sistemas de Compensación de Biodiversidad Flexible Habib et al.     

硝化液回流比对生物生态组合工艺脱氮除臭效果的影响

通过小试规模试验研究“厌氧产沼气池-缺氧池-跌水充氧池-人工湿地”生物生态组合工艺处理实际生活污水的效能,考察硝化液回流比对脱氮除臭效果的影响规律.结果表明,当回流比从25％逐渐增加至200％时,TN平均去除率从15.0％增加至52.3％;但是当回流比继续增加至300％时,TN平均去除率下降至44.7％.在回流比为25％、50％、100％、200％和300％时,硫化氢作为污水中的主要恶臭源,其在缺氧池中的去除率分别为23.7％、30.8％、54.7％、82.6％和90.1％.同时,硫化氢去除率随缺氧池中DO和NO3-浓度的增加而升高.系统回流比为200％时,组合工艺可获得最佳的脱氮除臭效果.     

油气回收技术在加油站中的应用

介绍了加油站油气回收的意义、油气回收系统的工艺原理及油气回收系统性能的检测方法．对油气回收系统设备的安装进行了说明,并对油气回收的综合利用提出了建议。