Environmental Risks of Pesticides Versus Genetic Engineering for Agricultural Pest Control

Despite the application of 2.5 million tons ofpesticides worldwide, more than 40% of all potentialfood production is lost to insect, weed, and plantpathogen pests prior to harvest. After harvest, anadditional 20% of food is lost to another group ofpests. The use of pesticides for pest control resultsin an estimated 26 million human poisonings, with220,000 fatalities, annually worldwide. In the UnitedStates, the environmental and public health costs forthe recommended use of pesticides total approximately$9 billion/yr. Thus, there is a need for alternativenon-chemical pest controls, and genetic engineering(biotechnology) might help with this need. Diseaseand insect pest resistance to various pests has beenslowly bred into crops for the past 12,000 years;current techniques in biotechnology now offeropportunities to further and more rapidly improve thenon-chemical control of disease and insect pests ofcrops. However, relying on a single factor, like theBacillus thuringiensis toxin that has beeninserted into corn and a few other crops for insectcontrol, leads to various environmental problems,including insect resistance and, in some cases, athreat to beneficial biological control insects andendangered insect species. A major environmental andeconomic cost associated with genetic engineeringapplications in agriculture relates to the use ofherbicide resistant crops (HRC). In general, HRCtechnology results in increased herbicide use but noincrease in crop yields. The heavy use of herbicidesin HRC technology pollutes the environment and canlead to weed control costs for farmers that may be2-fold greater than standard weed control costs. Therefore, pest control with both pesticides andbiotechnology can be improved for effective, safe,economical pest control.     

Impacts of a nutrient trading plan on stream water quality in Sugar Creek,Ohio

In the early 2000s, a phosphorus nutrient trading plan (NTP) requiring best management practices (BMPs) to be installed as pollution abatement strategies to offset phosphorus waste from the Alpine Cheese Company was implemented in four subwatersheds of Sugar Creek in northeast Ohio. To assess the impacts of the Alpine NTP, 49 sites were sampled approximately biweekly from 2010 to 2018 for phosphate, total phosphorus, nitrate, ammonia, and total nitrogen. In addition, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency conducted stream health surveys at 21 sites before and after the BMPs were implemented. This study evaluated the potential impact of 68 BMPs implemented under the NTP on the observed changes in nutrient concentrations and stream health indicators. Most nutrient concentrations observed during high discharge conditions showed significant declines from 2010 to 2018 for all subwatersheds, which was most likely due to BMPs that reduced erosion and surface runoff. However, there were fewer significant declines and some significant increases in nutrient levels during low discharge conditions, suggesting a possible contribution from legacy nutrient sources. Most sites reported increases in stream health indicators, but many streams are still below recommended levels. Collectively, the installation of BMPs and decreases in nutrient concentrations observed during high discharge conditions can be attributed to the NTP and likely contributed to improved stream health.     

富磷废弃钙基生物炭对水体中铅的去除

基于磷酸盐和碳酸盐对铅的高亲和特性,将蛋壳与厨余垃圾煅烧制备的含钙生物炭除磷后（ES-BC/P）,用于水体中铅的去除.结果表明,ES-BC/P在较优的投加量下对不同浓度的铅（1~100 mg·L^-1）均具有较好的去除性能,去除效率均高于99%,且反应后磷的释放量较低;ES-BC/P偏碱性,因含铅污染液呈弱酸性,ES-BC/P加入后无需调节体系的pH值即可达到较好的去除效果;反应动力学及等温线实验表明,ES-BC/P除铅主要为单层化学吸附,最大吸附容量为493.12 mg·g^-1（318 K）;表征分析结果表明,铅主要通过与ES-BC/P中的Ca-P化合物和CaCO₃进行反应,Pb²⁺可与Ca²⁺发生交换作用,形成 Pb₅（PO₄）₃OH、Pb₁₀（PO₄）₆（OH）₂、PbCO₃和Pb₃（CO₃）₂（OH）₂等沉淀而被去除.综上所述,除磷后的ES-BC材料可实现水体中铅的高效去除,从而实现废弃物的资源化利用.     

发达国家废玻璃回收利用经验及借鉴

介绍了发达国家处理和再利用废玻璃的经验,提出我国应借鉴发达国家经验,从科研、政策、法律等方面加强废玻璃的再利用工作。     

深圳市滨海湿地两个观光农业系统的能值整合研究

应用能值研究方法对深圳市海上田园旅游区的芦花湖和农家小院两个观光农业系统进行了生态经济分析.从系统和子系统两个层面,进行了能值产出、环境负载、可持续发展能力的评价与比较;与珠三角另一个观光农业系统(百万葵园)、两个基塘农业系统(菜-鱼、菜-猪-鱼)和一个巴西基塘系统(谷-猪-鱼)进行了横向比较.从货币收益的角度看,农家小院系统的费用使用效率、商品生产获利能力要优于芦花湖系统.但能值整合分析却显示出不一样的结果:两系统内旅游业子系统的能值交换率较高,而二者的农牧业子系统及农家小院系统的水产业子系统的能值交换率均较低,其生产效率仍有待提高.芦花湖系统的环境负载率为7.31,能值可持续发展指标为0.255,分别是农家小院的0.25倍和2.26倍,因而更具长远发展优势.与传统农业相比,观光农业的能值交换率和环境负载率整体偏高,表明其在经济效益创造上优于传统农业,但在自然资源利用和环境压力,以及可持续发展能力等方面与传统农业尚存在差距,在今后的发展中需借鉴传统农业的经验并加以改善,防止观光农业发展中绿色产业褐色化现象的发生.     

废焦油沥青的回收利用研究

采用混合乳化剂和超声乳化法 ,以炭素厂废焦油沥青为原料生产沥青乳化燃料。分别考察了调配剂用量、不同HLB值乳化剂、乳化剂用量、加水量等条件对乳化过程的影响 ,并对乳化燃料的粘度和稳定性进行了测定 ,制得的沥青乳化燃料 4 0℃粘度仅为 36 0mPa·s,在常温下放置 7d无水析出 ,放置一个月后稳定性良好 ,使废焦油沥青得到了合理的回收利用     

环境诱导表面重构调控PVC和PET塑料的可浮性

针对浮选过程中塑料可浮性波动问题,以表面重构和热力学分析为理论基础,研究了亲水改性后的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)塑料的亲疏水性对环境的响应规律.结果表明,PET在空气、乙醇和水中分别恢复82％、47％和0.2％的疏水性,PVC则恢复100％、37％和2％(温度70℃).与低温极性环境相比,高温非...     

包装垃圾的分类与回收利用

包装垃圾是由废弃的包装物产生的固体垃圾,约占我国城市生活垃圾的1/3,虽然政府进行了必要回收,但仍有1/3以上的塑料、玻璃等包装物没能被有效回收利用,成了填埋场的主要填埋物,造成了环境污染和土地、石油等不可再生资源大量浪费。从回收利用和源头减量两方面提出包装垃圾的应对,一是对包装垃圾按来源、成分等进行详细分类,并建议回收处置方法;二是从制定行业政策方面来减少过度包装和扶持再生资源行业健康发展,有效处置包装垃圾等可再生资源。     

关于我国报废汽车市场发展趋势的初步研究

随着汽车保有量的快速上升,我国报废汽车市场规模正在进入快速增长区间。根据发达国家的经验,报废汽车拆解与回收利用是循环经济产业的重要支柱。未来我国报废汽车市场规模的增长以及相关资源回收利用市场的发展,将会产生许多新的市场机会,也会对我国循环经济产业发展产生较大影响。     

资源循环科学与工程专业课程体系优化与教学内容创新实践的探索

针对资源循环科学与工程本科专业课程教学,以西安建筑科技大学该专业课程体系为案例,通过对毕业生和专业研讨会调研,分析了课程体系建设的现状和存在的问题。借鉴其他高校资源专业的课程体系和教学内容,通过梳理各门专业课程的教学内容和相互联系,构建了资源专业课程体系课程群,探索了课程体系优化的方法和增加创新实践环节的具体措施。