废弃印刷电路板回收拆解过程中的气体排放物分析

为研究废弃印刷电路板(PCB)在回收加热拆解电子元件过程中所产生的气体排放物的主要成分,使用自行设计的废弃PCB拆解装置进行拆解实验,采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIRS)、气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)、离子色谱(IC)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等分析方法,对实验过程所收集到的气体产物进行成分分析.结果表明,废弃PCB的基板在加热过程中发生了初步分解,基板上的溴化环氧树脂发生了O—C、C—C、C—Br键的断裂,产生了苯酚、2,6-二溴苯酚等有机物;伴随有机气体逸出的还有废弃PCB在加热过程所释放的含有大量S、N、Cl、Br等元素的无机酸性气体;而连续的熔锡过程还使得PCB与焊料中的Sn、Pb、Sb、Hg、Cd、Cr等重金属产生烟尘逸出.     

废旧金属回收熔炼辐射安全管理研究

介绍了一起废旧金属熔炼导致的放射性污染事件,以及环保部门在事件中采取的措施.反思了废旧金属回收熔炼辐射安全监管存在的问题,指出相关的法律法规不够明确,对熔炼企业辐射监测的监管力度不足,废金属进出口的放射性管理存在漏洞,熔炼企业缺乏辐射安全意识和手段,提出了完善标准体系,强化口岸监测,实施分级管理,加强企业辐射安全管理等对策措施.     

废旧电池的管理及处置研究

世界电池产量的一半来自中国内地,中国的电池消费能力居世界首位,废旧电池的随意丢弃和处置方式不当都会造成环境污染.中国的回收现状亟待改善,寻找安全科学的处理方法,使电池循环利用,有害物质无害化,并产生经济效益.调研了国内外废旧电池管理及处置现状,对处理废旧电池的成本、经济效益、环境效益、社会效益进行了阐述,总结了国内外废旧电池处理处置的法律法规现状,针对中国废旧电池处理过程中存在的问题提出相关建议,为对废旧电池的科学管理提供决策支持.     

“城市矿产”示范基地——我国再生资源产业化的发展方向

以前三批29个国家＂城市矿产＂示范基地为研究对象,对示范基地的回收利用规模、重点项目覆盖范围、示范基地类型做了概括性梳理,总结了示范基地建设的成功经验,分析了妨碍示范基地健康发展的问题,并提出一些预测性意见,供行业同仁参考。     

Fast method for simulation of radionuclide chain migration in dual porosity fracture rocks

In fractured rocks with a porous rock matrix such as granites, radionuclides will flow with the water in the fracture network. The nuclides will diffuse in and out the rock matrix where they can sorb and be considerably retarded compared to the water velocity. A water parcel entering the network will mix and split at the fracture intersections and parts of the original parcel will traverse a multitude of different fractures. The flowrates, velocities, sizes and apertures of the fractures can vary widely. Normally one must solve the transport equations for every fracture and use the effluent concentration as inlet condition to the next fracture and so on. It is shown that under some weakly simplified conditions it suffices to determine one single parameter group containing information on the flow wetted surface that a water parcel contacts along the entire path. It is also shown how this can be obtained. Then, solving the transport equations only once for time and location along the path gives the concentration and nuclide flux of every nuclide in the chain everywhere along a path. The same solution actually is valid for every path in the network. This dramatically reduces the computation effort. The same approach can be used for models based on streamtubes.     

基于循环经济理念的煤炭型老工业基地振兴的研究与分析——华丰煤矿为例

华丰煤矿就其地理位置，资源条件和社会环境而言，发展循环经济有着独特优势。按照发展循环经济的要求，充分合理的开发利用资源是当前落实科学发展观所迫切需要解决的问题，发展循环经济需要市场机制与煤矿系统的双重作用，尤其离不开煤矿系统的推进。     

Individual-based modelling of fishermen search behaviour with neural networks and reinforcement learning

A model to mimic the search behaviour of fishermen is built with two neural networks to cope with two separate decision-making processes in fishing activities. One neural network deals with decisions to stay or move to new fishing grounds and the other is constructed for the purpose of finding prey within the fishing areas. Some similarities with the behaviour of real fishermen are found: concentrated local search once a prey has been located to increase the probability of remaining near a prey patch and the straightforward movement to other fishing grounds. The artificial fisherman prefers areas near the port when conditions in different fishing grounds are similar or when there is high uncertainty in its world. In the latter case a reluctance to navigate to other areas is observed. The artificial fisherman selects areas with higher concentration of prey, even if they are far from the port of departure, unless a high uncertainty is related to the fishing ground. Connected areas are preferred and followed in orderly fashion if a higher catch is expected. The observed behaviour of the artificial fisherman in uncertain scenarios can be described as a risk-averse attitude. The approach seems appropriate for an individual-based modelling of fishery systems, focusing on the learning and adaptive characteristics of fishermen and on interactions that take place at a fine scale.     

Attack vulnerability of self-organizing networks

There are several self-organizing networks in the real world, and these networks severely affect the development of the modern society. This paper investigates the vulnerability of self-organizing networks subject to malicious attacks according to a new framework. Assuming the initial load of node i as L_i=αk_i+(1-α)∑_j∈Γik_j with k_i and Γ_i being the degree and the set of neighbor nodes of the node i, where α is a tunable parameter and control the strength of the initial loads of nodes. The node with the maximum degree is considered as the attacked node, and with the changes of the parameter α, cascading failures will be investigated in this paper. Local redistribution rule has been adopted to study the cascading breakdowns of the US power grid and IEEE-118 networks. Additionally, the capacity of the node i is defined as C_i = (1 + β)L_i, the critical threshold β_c of the US power grid and IEEE-118 networks will be obtained from the evolutional process of cascading failures. Finally, an optimal design of US power grid network is given in this paper.     

福州市海峡供销再生资源产业园区可行性研究

对建设福州市海峡供销再生资源产业园区项目的背景、内容、规模,以及园区开发经营和效益进行可行性分析研究。园区建设作为一个长期项目,将成为海峡西岸经济区重要的废旧商品回收利用示范基地。     

Use of Community‐Composition Data to Predict the Fecundity and Abundance of Species

Abstract: Species distribution models are critical tools for the prediction of invasive species spread and conservation of biodiversity. The majority of species distribution models have been built with environmental data. Community ecology theory suggests that species co‐occurrence data could also be used to predict current and potential distributions of species. Species assemblages are the products of biotic and environmental constraints on the distribution of individual species and as a result may contain valuable information for niche modeling. We compared the predictive ability of distribution models of annual grassland plants derived from either environmental or community‐composition data. Composition‐based models were built with the presence or absence of species at a site as predictors of site quality, whereas environment‐based models were built with soil chemistry, moisture content, above‐ground biomass, and solar radiation as predictors. The reproductive output of experimentally seeded individuals of 4 species and the abundance of 100 species were used to evaluate the resulting models. Community‐composition data were the best predictors of both the site‐specific reproductive output of sown individuals and the site‐specific abundance of existing populations. Successful community‐based models were robust to omission of data on the occurrence of rare species, which suggests that even very basic survey data on the occurrence of common species may be adequate for generating such models. Our results highlight the need for increased public availability of ecological survey data to facilitate community‐based modeling at scales relevant to conservation.