日本畜禽产业排泄物处理与循环利用的现状与技术

20世纪40年代后,日本畜禽产业结构向大型集约化方向发展,年畜禽粪便排放总量7600万t左右。同时,由于畜禽产业等中小规模企业排出含有高氮磷等污染物的废水,致使湖泊、海域的富营养化问题日益严重。日本《水质污浊防止法》规定:饲养规模在50m2以上的养猪场和200m2以上的养牛场的排泄物排放标准为:总氮<120mg/L,总磷<16mg/L。牲畜粪便处理技术的研究和开发,一方面着重于高效脱氮除磷技术,另一方面,从资源的有效利用角度考虑,建立各种排水与废弃物处置的自立型循环共生系统。本文介绍了当前日本畜产业排泄物的处理与循环利用的现状与技术,特别是复合回收型处理系统及远程自动控制等技术的应用,推进了生物量循环的循环型社会的形成,同时,实现环境改善与资源的再利用。     

投入产出分析在固体废物管理中的应用

通过构建固体废物投入产出表,分析包括资源提供、产品生产、废弃物循环利用及废物处置部门在内的国民经济各部门之间的经济技术关系。并对理想条件及其他条件下固体废物资源化对于资源节约、废物减量及经济发展的影响进行了定量分析。     

The convergence of alternative food networks within “rural development” initiatives: the case of the New Rural Reconstruction Movement in China†

Rural sociologists and geographers have conceptualised different rural development trajectories including “the agri-industrial model”, “the post-productivist model” and “the rural development model”. Alternative food networks (AFNs) are increasingly recognised as a “forerunner” and a critical component of the emerging “rural development model” in the West. Meanwhile, Marsden and Franklin [2013. Replacing neoliberalism: theoretical implications of the rise of local food movements. Local Environment, 18 (5), 636–641] pointed out that there is a “local trap” in the current conceptualisation of AFNs that overemphasises their local embeddedness and heterogeneity. This “local trap” marginalises AFNs and, therefore, hinders their potential for transforming the industrialised conventional food system. The convergence and scaling-up of fragmented AFNs have been recognised as important ways to address this marginalisation issue and thus have attracted considerable attention. However, current studies of the convergence of AFNs focus mainly on the role of food-centred organisations without recognising the role of the emerging “rural development” initiatives in the convergence of AFNs. Based on in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and analysis of secondary data, this paper uses the New Rural Reconstruction Movement (NRRM), an emerging alternative rural development movement in China, as an example to illustrate how the NRRM opens up a novel space for the convergence of AFNs. We argue that the interrelationship between AFNs and rural development is indeed reciprocal. The NRRM, following the “rural development” trajectory, functions as a hub for the convergence and scaling-up of various alternative food initiatives. Strategies for achieving convergence include constructing a “common ground” for these initiatives, establishing national alliances and organisations, sharing knowledge and exchanging personnel among them.     

Exploring Environmentalism amidst the Clamor of Networks: A Social Network Analysis of Utah Environmental Organizations

Dwelling in a world awash in multiple environmental crises while science and social theory erode the last vestiges of the subject of humanism, it makes sense to imagine our world beyond the lens of humanism and turn to diverse methodologies in order to explore what is going on and how to promote changes that nurture ecological sustainability. In this essay we take on this task in relation to environmental communication. In what follows we explore the contours of the age after humanism, what we term the Age of the Animate Earth. In the wake of the theoretical and actual deconstruction of the subject, we offer networks as a key unit of analysis. From this perspective, we suggest social network analysis (SNA) as one viable method for doing environmental communication studies and perform this move through a SNA of Utah environmental groups.     

Assessing the population-level conservation effects of marine protected areas

Marine protected areas (MPAs) cover 3–7% of the world's ocean, and international organizations call for 30% coverage by 2030. Although numerous studies show that MPAs produce conservation benefits inside their borders, many MPAs are also justified on the grounds that they confer conservation benefits to the connected populations that span beyond their borders. A network of MPAs covering roughly 20% of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary was established in 2003, with a goal of providing regional conservation and fishery benefits. We used a spatially explicit bioeconomic simulation model and a Bayesian difference-in-difference regression to examine the conditions under which MPAs can provide population-level conservation benefits inside and outside their borders and to assess evidence of those benefits in the Channel Islands. As of 2017, we estimated that biomass densities of targeted fin-fish had a median value 81% higher (90% credible interval: 23–148) inside the Channel Island MPAs than outside. However, we found no clear effect of these MPAs on mean total biomass densities at the population level: estimated median effect was –7% (90% credible interval: –31 to 23) from 2015 to 2017. Our simulation model showed that effect sizes of MPAs of <30% were likely to be difficult to detect (even when they were present); smaller effect sizes (which are likely to be common) were even harder to detect. Clearly, communicating expectations and uncertainties around MPAs is critical to ensuring that MPAs are effective. We provide a novel assessment of the population-level effects of a large MPA network across many different species of targeted fin-fish, and our results offer guidance for communities charged with monitoring and adapting MPAs.     

论中国再生资源与国际大循环关联研究

中国制造和出口大国的地位,使得大量的资源随着产品流向国外,形成了资源外流的常态。原生资源的严重枯竭,更是雪上加霜,仅出不进,中国工业必然严重失血。另一方面,发达国家工业化起步早,经济发展速度快,生活消费长期处于高水平,因而消耗了大量资源,同时产生大量废弃物资。因此,积极开辟国际再生资源渠道,使再生资源产业走向国际大循环,有序开展进口再生资源园区运营,加强国际科技与智力合作,是新时期循环经济建设的需要。     

基于概率神经网络的城市湖泊生态系统健康评价研究

概率神经网络(PNN)是一种结构简单、训练简捷、应用十分广泛的人工神经网络,并且在水质分类等环境领域已取得一定研究成果.本文选取广州市最大的人工湖——白云湖作为研究对象,结合其水质监测数据及生物监测数据,建立概率神经网络模型对其进行湖泊生态系统健康评价,得到不同监测时间点的湖泊生态系统健康评价结果.分析表明:1白云湖生态系统比较脆弱,目前净化水质的效果有限;2各监测点的评价结果均呈季节性变化,丰水期湖泊生态系统健康状态好于枯水期,年际变化不显著.实验结果表明,利用概率神经网络对湖泊生态系统健康状态进行评价是可行的,与传统评价方法相比,其具有训练时间短、权重确定客观、输出结果稳定等优势,可以运用到更多相关领域.     

循环式生物滤池处理城市地表径流的性能研究

对以木片为填料的塔式生物滤池配置循环装置,将其应用于处理城市地表径流污染.通过设置不同的循环次数,比较了循环操作对滤池性能的影响.研究结果表明:该循环式生物滤池在处理径流过程中存在适应驯化期,不同的污染物质其适应驯化时间不同.COD所需驯化时间最长,适应期内总入水水量达到装置空隙体积的8.5倍;NO3--N和TP适应期相当,总入水水量约为空隙体积的7.2倍;TSS与TN所需的时间最短,总入水水量约为空隙体积的5.3倍.该循环式生物滤池对TSS、COD、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP的平均去除效率分别为86.2％、24.3％、11.1％、85.9％、37.7％和45.7％.循环操作对生物滤池的性能影响研究表明,TSS、NH4+-N与TP的去除随循环次数的增加而增加,TN与NO3--N的去除未明显影响.由于循环过程中部分有机质从木片中析出,使得有机物质(COD)的去除随循环次数的增加而降低.     

城市生活污水处理中紫外线消毒工艺方案的设计与运用

城市生活污水处理中消毒工艺方案的确定是污水厂设计过程中需要考虑的重要问题,针对此问题从消毒方法的选用到出水消毒工艺的确定,设计出一套适合昆明市各污水处理厂的紫外线消毒技术方案。     

Citizens of local jurisdictions enhance plant community preservation through ballot initiatives and voter-driven conservation efforts

Open space areas protected by local communities may augment larger scale preservation efforts and may offer overlooked benefits to biodiversity conservation provided they are in suitable ecological condition. We examine protected areas established by local communities through ballot initiatives, a form of direct democracy, in California, USA. We compare ecological conditions of wooded habitats on local ballot protected sites and on sites protected by a state-level conservation agency. Collectively, we found few differences in ecological conditions on each protected area type. Ballot sites had greater invasive understory cover and larger trees. Community dissimilarity patterns suggested ballot sites protect a complementary set of tree species to those on state lands. Overall, geographic characteristics influenced onsite conditions more than details of how sites were protected. Thus, community-driven conservation efforts contribute to protected area networks by augmenting protection of some species while providing at least some protection to others that might otherwise be missed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01469-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.