德国垃圾的环境管理模式

德国对垃圾的环境管理主要采取先避免,在不可避免的情况下对垃圾进行再利用,对无法再利用的垃圾才进行处理,即"避免 再利用 处理"的管理理念。对垃圾的处理本着最大限度利用能量和降低对环境危害的目的,形成较为成熟技术方法。并较为全面介绍这种管理理念,以及与这种垃圾环境管理模式相对应措施。     

Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (pet) by hydrolysis and glycolysis

In this paper we review an interesting method of PET recycling, i.e. chemical recycling; it is based on the concept of depolymerizing the condensation polymer through solvolytic chain cleavage into low molecular products which can be purified and reused as raw materials for the production of high-quality chemical products. In this work our attention is confined to the hydrolysis (neutral, acid and alkaline) and glycolysis processes of PET chemical recycling; operating conditions and mechanism of each method are reported and described. The neutral hydrolysis has an auto accelerating character; two kinetic models have been proposed: an half-order and a second order kinetic model. The acid hydrolysis could be explained by a modified shrinking core model under chemical reaction control and the alkaline hydrolysis by a first-order model with respect to hydroxide ion concentration. To describe glycolysis, two different kinetic models have been proposed where EG can act or not as internal catalyst. Further experimental and theoretical investigations are required to shed light on the promising processes of PET chemical recycling reviewed in this work.     

The prevention principle

Environmentally sound manufacture does not have its source only in developing and improving the techniques for treating solid, liquid and gaseous wastes at the end of the production process. Our experience shows that more effort and capital budgets must be devoted to developing preventive measures. Although the treatment techniques have become very advanced and meet ecological requirements to a very high degree, they are now reaching the limits of their technological and economic feasibility. Environmental protection at the production site has undergone structural change in recent years. The emphasis has shifted to preventive techniques which affect the production process itself, avoiding the emergence of waste at the “end of the pipe” by preventing its formation or recycling it straight away. This integrated approach is in harmony with the demands of sustainable production. The functions of in-process environmental protection measures need to be looked at as a whole from the points of view of both environmental protection and cost-effectiveness. Some integrated methods are described.     

循环经济与校园垃圾分类回收

阐述了循环经济的定义及其实施的重要意义，并以校园垃圾分类回收实例，说明了循环经济在实践中是可以实现的。     

Bayesian estimation and consequence modelling of deliberately induced domino effects in process facilities

Process facilities handling hazardous chemicals in large quantities and elevated operating conditions of temperature/pressure are attractive targets to external attacks. The possibility of an external attack on a critical installation, performed with an intention of triggering escalation of primary incidents into secondary and tertiary incidents, thereby increasing the severity of consequences needs to be effectively analysed. A prominent Petrochemical Industry located in Kerala, India was identified for studying the possibility of a deliberately induced domino effect. In this study, a dedicated Bayesian network is developed to model the domino propagation sequence in the chemical storage area of the industry, and to estimate the domino probabilities at different levels. This method has the advantage of accurately quantifying domino occurrence probabilities and identifying possible higher levels of escalations. Moreover, the combined effect from multiple units can be modelled easily and new information can be added into the model as evidences to update the probabilities. Phast (Process hazard analysis) software is used for consequence modelling to determine the impact zones of the identified primary and secondary incidents. The results of the case study show that such analyses can greatly benefit green field and brown field projects in determining the appropriate safety and security measures to be implemented or strengthened so as to reduce its attractiveness to external threat agents.     

我国铜资源物质流分析研究

铜是我国应用最为广泛的有色金属,研究铜资源利用和循环状态对我国经济可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。论文从铜的生产、加工制造、使用和废铜处理4个阶段详细阐述了铜循环的"STAF"物质流分析模型,并以此模型分析了2004年我国铜的流动状况和社会存量变化,得出结论: 1998~2004年,我国铜工业的P_Z、P_S、M_Z和M_S平均值分别为49.08%、25.98%、57.14%和21.45%,远低于欧洲发达国家水平。对比1994年与2004年我国铜物质流图可知,10年来我国铜循环的各阶段中所有流入量和流出量都有较大提高,废铜再资源化程度虽有提高,但较之快速增长的铜需求量仍显不足。因此在资源危机面前,加强政策引导与科研力度,大力提高一次铜的资源生产率和二次铜的再资源化效率是我国铜工业可持续发展的工作重点。     

铁矿企业发展循环经济的模式选择

论述了我国铁矿企业加快发展循环经济的重要性和紧迫性,通过对国家循环经济试点单位的调研,提出铁矿企业发展循环经济可以采取“两提高、三综合、一恢复”的模式,即提高采矿回采率和出矿品位,提高选矿金属回收率和精矿品位;矿产资源综合利用;恢复矿山生态环境。并就铁矿企业如何大力发展循环经济提出建议。     

准确把握循环经济要义积极推进经济发展方式转变

经济发展方式的转变是我国化解资源环境约束、提高经济发展质量和效益、实现可持续发展的必由之路,而循环经济正是转变经济发展方式的有效途径。但实践中,有些地方政府和企业在用循环经济变革传统发展方式方面还存在种种误区,以致于严重偏离了循环经济的真正目标。通过对循环经济的目的、思路、实践、思想等内容的阐释,帮助人们准确把握循环经济要义,为积极推进经济发展方式转变提供参考。