酸性矿山废水中锰氧化菌的分离鉴定及其对Mn2+的去除作用

含锰（Mn）重金属废水的处理是行业痛点与难点,近年来高效的生物脱锰技术得到广泛关注,但具有较高锰氧化效率菌株的报道仍然有限.本研究从酸性矿山废水中分离纯化出一株锰氧化细菌,并深入探究其微生物特性以及对Mn²⁺的去除作用.通过生理生化及16S rRNA序列分析鉴定该菌株为短芽孢杆菌,并命名为Brevibacillus brevis MM2.进一步通过单因素实验探究了环境因子和初始锰浓度对菌株MM2的生长和锰去除率的影响.结果表明,菌株MM2对Mn²⁺的最高耐受浓度可达1000 mg·L^-1,且在弱酸条件下（pH 6、pH 5）仍然显现出良好的生长趋势,具有较高的锰去除率（91.93%,pH=6）.此外,菌株MM2在 30~35 ℃,pH 7,转速180 r·min^-1条件下生长趋势最好,当初始Mn²⁺浓度为100 mg·L^-1时,Mn²⁺的最高去除率为92.76%.最后,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）对代谢固相产物分析表明,菌株MM2介导生成的生物氧化锰附着在菌株表面并以层状和颗粒状两种形态呈现,锰平均氧化度为3.55,其成分主要为无定形的Mn₂O₃和MnO₂.综上所述,本研究分离纯化的菌株MM2不仅能在弱酸性条件下生长且对锰具有较高的耐受和去除能力,在含锰废水的处理中具有较好应用前景.     

基于活体微生物揭示蚯蚓对污泥耐药基因转归的影响

为削减污泥蚯蚓堆肥产物中耐药基因(ARGs),以无蚯蚓组为对照,采用叠氮溴化丙锭对蚯蚓堆肥样品进行预处理,探究蚯蚓对污泥中活微生物种群及其ARGs的影响.结果显示,与对照组相比,蚯蚓堆肥产物中有机物矿化度与降解量分别显著提升82.5%与5.2%(P<0.05).并且接种蚯蚓使其产物中放线菌门的丰度显著增加了65.6%(P<0.05),而厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度分别显著降低了74.7%和34.6%(P<0.05).相较于对照组,蚯蚓堆肥致使sul1、sul2、ermF和tetM基因丰度分别显著减少了66.5%、82.8%、72.8%和77.6%(P<0.05),但ermB的丰度显著增加了5.7倍(P<0.05).蚯蚓堆肥产物中intI1基因丰度比对照组显著降低了67.2%(P<0.05),蚯蚓处理后ARGs总绝对丰度为4.19×10¹³copies/g,ARGs总去除率为82.6%,比对照组高45.4%.研究表明,蚯蚓可通过改变活细菌种群结构,减少ARGs潜在活体宿主的丰度,进而降低其传播扩散的潜在风险.     

Peroxymonosulfate enhanced photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of organic contaminants and simultaneously cathodic recycling of silver

Degradation of organic contaminants with simultaneous recycling of Ag⁺ from silver-containing organic wastewater such as photographic effluents is desired. Although photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) technology is a good candidate for this type of wastewater, its reaction kinetics still needs to be improved. Herein, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was employed to enhance the PEC kinetics for oxidation of phenol (PhOH) at the anode and reduction of Ag⁺ at the cathode. The degradation efficiency of phenol (PhOH, 0.1 mmol/L) was increased from 42.8% to 96.9% by adding 5 mmol/L PMS at a potential of 0.25 V. Meanwhile, the Ag (by wt%) deposited on the cathode was 28.1% (Ag₂O) in PEC process, while that of Ag (by wt%) was 69.7% (Ag⁰) by adding PMS. According to the electrochemistry analysis, PMS, as photoelectrons acceptor, enhances the separation efficiency of charges and the direct h⁺ oxidation of PhOH at the photoanode. Meantime, the increasing cathode potential avoided H₂ evolution and strongly alkaline at the surface of cathode, thus enabling the deposition of Ag⁺ in the form of metallic silver with the help of PMS. In addition, PMS combined with PEC process was effective in treating photographic effluents.     

A data synthesis on the biochar properties and implications for air,soil, and water quality in Brazil

Biochar has been intensively researched worldwide. In Brazil, there is a variety of feedstock production that can be turned into soil amendments of high performance through biochar conversion, especially solid wastes. However, advances in biochar research in Brazil have not been systematically evaluated to indicate possible gaps and suggest future research for eco-friendly applications. Thus, in this work we evaluated biochar properties and effects on air, water, and soil quality based on data gathered from researches performed in Brazil. Biochar has been mainly evaluated as soil conditioner (37%), material characterization (17%), water treatment (12%), and greenhouse gases emissions (9%). Based on the data synthesis of 68 feedstocks used for biochar production, we observed that the pyrolysis temperature profoundly affects biochar properties. Meta-analysis indicated benefits of biochar addition to soils for chemical, physical, microbiological and biochemical attributes that have resulted in increases in root growth (+30%), and plant shoots (+45%). Pyrolysis temperature and feedstock are key choices to design biochar properties aiming to retain dyes, aromatic hydrocarbon, pesticides, and metals in water and wastewater treatment. It was also observed an increase in CO₂ and a decrease in N₂O emissions after biochar application to soils in short-term experiments. Although there is a growing interest in the development of electrochemical sensors and biochar-based fertilizers, technological applications of biochar are still incipient in Brazil. Future research should prioritize long-term and mechanistically evaluations of biochar under field conditions and the development of eco-friendly technological applications.     

Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests

Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social–ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social‐ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one‐third were endemic. Fifty‐eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best‐fit structural equation model (R² = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience—local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity—had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash‐crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.     

废弃油基钻井液资源回收与无害化处置

废弃油基钻井液是钻井作业完成后产生的固体废物,因含有矿物油和柴油等,属于国家危险废物,成为制约油田清洁生产的一个技术难题.针对废弃油基钻井液的特点,经大量室内试验和多种处理方案的筛选,开发出了废弃油基钻井液资源回收与无害化处置技术.在废弃油基钻井液中加入收油剂,回收有用的油类.在收油后的剩余泥渣和产生的废水中分别加入无害化处理剂和絮凝剂,进行回用和无害化处理.油回收率可达90%以上,回收的油品质量达到《车用柴油》(GB/T 19147—2003)规定的-10#车用柴油技术要求;无害化处理后的泥渣浸出液中石油类,COD_Cr和重金属等污染物指标均低于《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)二级标准限值;处理后的废水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)要求.      

电子废物资源化循环转化过程与代谢规律研究

选择废印刷电路板和废CRT玻壳玻璃的资源化过程作为承载实体,进行了研究分析.建立了电子废物资源化技术过程的物质能量转化模型;分析了废印刷电路板和废CRT玻壳玻璃的资源化过程中的物质流、能量流、废物流以及污染物的释放与迁移;核算了物质、能量转化清单.分析结果表明,废印刷电路板资源化过程中的分选环节能耗较高,达100kW×h/t,而拆解和非金属材料的热压成型是控制污染物排放的重点环节;废CRT玻壳玻璃资源化过程中屏玻璃和锥玻璃的再利用环节能耗较高,利用屏玻璃制造泡沫玻璃和锥玻璃冶炼铅的能耗分别为600, 250kW×h/t,破碎、研磨、锥玻璃冶炼铅是控制污染物排放的重点环节.     

Comparison and ranking of different modelling techniques for prediction of site index in Mediterranean mountain forests

Forestry science has a long tradition of studying the relationship between stand productivity and abiotic and biotic site characteristics, such as climate, topography, soil and vegetation. Many of the early site quality modelling studies related site index to environmental variables using basic statistical methods such as linear regression. Because most ecological variables show a typical non-linear course and a non-constant variance distribution, a large fraction of the variation remained unexplained by these linear models. More recently, the development of more advanced non-parametric and machine learning methods provided opportunities to overcome these limitations. Nevertheless, these methods also have drawbacks. Due to their increasing complexity they are not only more difficult to implement and interpret, but also more vulnerable to overfitting. Especially in a context of regionalisation, this may prove to be problematic. Although many non-parametric and machine learning methods are increasingly used in applications related to forest site quality assessment, their predictive performance has only been assessed for a limited number of methods and ecosystems.In this study, five different modelling techniques are compared and evaluated, i.e. multiple linear regression (MLR), classification and regression trees (CART), boosted regression trees (BRT), generalized additive models (GAM), and artificial neural networks (ANN). Each method is used to model site index of homogeneous stands of three important tree species of the Taurus Mountains (Turkey): Pinus brutia, Pinus nigra and Cedrus libani. Site index is related to soil, vegetation and topographical variables, which are available for 167 sample plots covering all important environmental gradients in the research area. The five techniques are compared in a multi-criteria decision analysis in which different model performance measures, ecological interpretability and user-friendliness are considered as criteria.When combining these criteria, in most cases GAM is found to outperform all other techniques for modelling site index for the three species. BRT is a good alternative in case the ecological interpretability of the technique is of higher importance. When user-friendliness is more important MLR and CART are the preferred alternatives. Despite its good predictive performance, ANN is penalized for its complex, non-transparent models and big training effort.     

线路板粉末风选过程气固两相流模拟及实验

针对线路板破碎粉末的特点,提出了一种通过风力分选实现废旧线路板中金属和非金属分离的方法.分别采用RNG k-ε模型、颗粒轨道模型模拟气流场和固体颗粒,模拟结果显示风选器腔体处于旋风状态,风压随着风选器半径和高度的增加而升高,至风选器高度为1.2m附近达到峰值.开展线路板粉末风选实验,通过模拟分析和实验分别得到不同粒径、不同叶轮转速下的优化工艺参数,结果表明粒级对实验结果的影响最大,当线路板粉末粒径为0.125~0.212mm、叶轮转速为200r/min时,金属回收率最高达到96.5%.最后进行分选效果的实验-模拟对比分析,验证了模拟的有效性及分选方案的可行性.     

高密度澄清池除氟中试研究

以聚合氯化铝为混凝剂,采用高密度回流絮凝澄清池进行饮用水除氟试验。考察了原水水量、氟初始浓度、原水浊度、絮体回流比等因素对除氟效果的影响。结果表明:高密度澄清池具有良好的除氟效果,可使滤后水中氟浓度低于1 mg/L。当絮体回流点位于快速混合处时,回流比为50%时,能提高氟的去除率。