Why trust you? Security cooperation within humanitarian NGO networks

Although the literature is increasingly concerned with cooperation among humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs), we still lack studies that explain cooperation under conditions of competition. Drawing on 22 semi-structured interviews, this article argues that trust is the driving force behind security-related cooperation within networks of humanitarian NGOs. Which type of trust comes into play and how trust is built depends on the structure of a network. In small, stable networks, trust is typically based on experience, whereas shared identity is at the heart of trust in large, unstable networks. In the latter case, cooperation among humanitarian NGOs is exclusive and comparable to a form of club governance, because NGOs are kept out based on their identity—that is, if they adopt a different operational interpretation of the humanitarian principles.     

Landfill leachate treatment in assisted landfill bioreactor

Landfill is the major disposal route of municipal solid waste（MSW） in most Asian countries. Leachate from landfill presents a strong wastewater that needs intensive treatment before discharge. Direct recycling was proposed as an effective alternative for leachate treatment by taking the landfill as a bioreactor. This process was proved not only considerably reducing the pollution potential of leachate, but also enhancing organic degradation in the landfill. However, as this paper shows, although direct leachate recycling was effective in landfilled MSW with low food waste fraction （3.5%, w/w）, it failed in MSW containing 54% food waste, as normally noted in Asian countries. The initial acid stuck would inhibit methanogenesis to build up, hence strong leachate was yielded from landfill to threaten the quality of receiving water body. We demonstrated the feasibility to use an assisted bioreactor landfill, with a well-decomposed refuse layer as ex-situ anaerobic digester to reducing COD loading in leachate. By doing so, the refuse in simulated landfill column （2.3 m high） could be stabilized in 30 weeks while the COD in leachate reduced by 95%（61000 mg/L to 3000 mg/L）. Meanwhile, the biogas production was considerably enhanced, signaling by the much greater amount and much higher methane content in the biogas.     

Integrated treatment and recycling of stormwater: a review of Australian practice

With the use of water approaching, and in some cases exceeding, the limits of sustainability in many locations, there is an increasing recognition of the need to utilise stormwater for non-potable requirements, thus reducing the demand on potable sources. This paper presents a review of Australian stormwater treatment and recycling practices as well as a discussion of key lessons and identified knowledge gaps. Where possible, recommendations for overcoming these knowledge gaps are given. The review of existing stormwater recycling systems focussed primarily on the recycling of general urban runoff (runoff generated from all urban surfaces) for non-potable purposes. Regulations and guidelines specific to stormwater recycling need to be developed to facilitate effective design of such systems, and to minimise risks of failure. There is a clear need for the development of innovative techniques for the collection, treatment and storage of stormwater. Existing stormwater recycling practice is far ahead of research, in that there are no technologies designed specifically for stormwater recycling. Instead, technologies designed for general stormwater pollution control are frequently utilised, which do not guarantee the necessary reliability of treatment. Performance modelling for evaluation purposes also needs further research, so that industry can objectively assess alternative approaches. Just as many aspects of these issues may have impeded adoption of stormwater, another impediment to adoption has been the lack of a practical and widely accepted method for assessing the many financial, social and ecological costs and benefits of stormwater recycling projects against traditional alternatives. Such triple-bottom-line assessment methodologies need to be trialled on stormwater recycling projects. If the costs and benefits of recycling systems can be shown to compare favourably with the costs and benefits of conventional practices this will provide an incentive to overcome other obstacles to widespread adoption of stormwater recycling.     

化工资源回收利用与废水综合治理

武汉市某化工厂生产废水毒性大、污染物浓度高、盐度高、可生化性差,传统的工业废水处理工艺难以实现达标治理。本着循环经济的发展思路,通过废水现场调研和物料衡算,分析废水中的可资源化利用物质,对废水进行清污分流和污染物(DMF)资源化利用。经济分析表明,资源回收利用与污水综合治理相结合的方案不但可以实现废水的达标排放,还可以产生一定的经济效益。     

废弃电子电器设备回收利用现状及技术分析

分析了电子电器设备的结构、组成及可资源化物质,介绍了目前的电子电器设备回收处理现状及技术,阐述了困扰回收处理的因素,展望了废弃电子电器设备的回收利用前景。     

不同缓冲剂调节pH值影响MSW反应器运行的对比

反应器填埋场很大程度上缩短了城市固体废物(MSW)的稳定化时间。渗滤液循环是实现反应器的有效途径不同渗滤液pH值条件下反应器的运行效率是不同的。本文采用两种缓冲剂,熟石灰和粉煤灰对渗滤液pH值进行调节,讨论它们对渗滤液回灌、废物稳定化的影响。同时,本文也分析了两种调节方法的区别。实验证明了调节后的环境有利于固体废物中有机污染物的去除,对金属离子和盐类没有明显去除作用。两种调节方案都是简单、经济可行的。     

Forecasting Air Quality Parameters Using Hybrid Neural Network Modelling

Urban air pollution has emerged as an acute problem in recent years because of its detrimental effects on health and living conditions. The research presented here aims at attaining a better understanding of phenomena associated with atmospheric pollution, and in particular with aerosol particles. The specific goal was to develop a form of air quality modelling which can forecast urban air quality for the next day using airborne pollutant, meteorological and timing variables.Hourly airborne pollutant and meteorological averages collected during the years 1995–1997 were analysed in order to identify air quality episodes having typical and the most probable combinations of air pollutant and meteorological variables. This modelling was done using the Self-Organising Map (SOM) algorithm, Sammon's mapping and fuzzy distance metrics. The clusters of data that were found were characterised by statistics. Several overlapping Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) models were then applied to the clustered data, each of which represented one pollution episode. The actual levels for individual pollutants could then be calculated using a combination of the MLP models which were appropriate in that situation.The analysis phase of the modelling gave clear and intuitive results regarding air quality in the area where the data had been collected. The resulting forecast showed that the modelling of gaseous pollutants is more reliable than that of the particles.     

EDTA及其回收溶液治理重金属污染土壤的研究

试验结果表明,EDTA能够有效地萃取土壤重金属,由于其价格较贵和不易被降解等特点,限制了它的广泛运用.在运用MINTEQA2模型对萃取液中重金属离子形态分析的基础上,选用Na2S沉淀法将重金属从EDTA萃取液中有效分离.同时将回收的EDTA连续进行萃取土壤重金属,由于回收EDTA浓度下降的原因,其效果比新鲜EDTA的要稍微差一点,但从经济和效率上来说,仍旧可以用来治理重金属污染的土壤.     

污泥蚯蚓堆肥过程中胞外聚合物的结构变化

为揭示污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)特征与蚯蚓堆肥产物腐熟的关系,以无蚯蚓为对照组,探究蚯蚓堆肥对污泥EPS结构变化的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥显著加快了蚯蚓堆肥产物有机质的矿化速率,其电导率和硝酸盐氮含量比对照组产物分别显著提升了0.64和0.22倍(P<0.05).蚯蚓堆肥产物EPS层中的蛋白质和多糖的总含量比对照组产物分别降低了32.77%和31.54%.三维荧光结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥过程中蛋白质的荧光强度下降速率比对照组更高,其腐殖质在堆肥后期一直处于较高水平.污泥蚯蚓堆肥产物的紧密结合层(TB-EPS)和松散结合层(LB-EPS)中的色氨酸含量比对照组分别减少7.69%和13.62%,而LB-EPS和粘液层(SEPS)中腐殖酸含量比对照组分别增加了25.1%和7.82%.蚯蚓堆肥期间的硝酸盐氮含量和电导率均同SEPS、LB-EPS结构中的DOC、蛋白质和多糖含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),其总DOC含量与EPS各层中的DOC及多糖含量呈显著相关性(P<0.05).实验过程中对照组仅有机质和DOC含量同EPS各层多糖含量呈显著相关(P<0.05).研究表明,蚯蚓堆...     

基于LMDZ模型的西南地区水汽来源及水汽再循环率的分析

研究基于LMDZ模型对我国西南地区9个站点的同位素数据进行空间插值,利用同位素混合模型对不同来源水汽对降水的贡献率进行时空分析.结果表明,我国西南地区外来水汽对降水的贡献率除部分站点外,均在90％以上;其次为植物蒸腾水汽,占比为0.3％～21.3％,地表蒸发水汽对降水贡献率最小,介于0.1％～8.1％之间,同时外来水汽...