MODELKEY. Models for assessing and forecasting the impact of environmental key pollutants on freshwater and marine ecosystems and biodiversity (5 pp)

BACKGROUND: Triggered by the requirement of Water Framework Directive for a good ecological status for European river systems till 2015 and by still existing lacks in tools for cause identification of insufficient ecological status MODELKEY (http:// www.modelkey.org), an Integrated Project with 26 partners from 14 European countries, was started in 2005. MODELKEY is the acronym for 'Models for assessing and forecasting the impact of environmental key pollutants on freshwater and marine ecosystems and biodiversity'. The project is funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme. OBJECTIVES: MODELKEY comprises a multidisciplinary approach aiming at developing interlinked tools for an enhanced understanding of cause-effect-relationships between insufficient ecological status and environmental pollution as causative factor and for the assessment and forecasting of the risks of key pollutants on fresh water and marine ecosystems at a river basin and adjacent marine environment scale. New modelling tools for risk assessment including generic exposure assessment models, mechanistic models of toxic effects in simplified food chains, integrated diagnostic effect models based on community patterns, predictive component effect models applying artificial neural networks and GIS-based analysis of integrated risk indexes will be developed and linked to a user-friendly decision support system for the prioritisation of risks, contamination sources and contaminated sites. APPROACH: Modelling will be closely interlinked with extensive laboratory and field investigations. Early warning strategies on the basis of sub-lethal effects in vitro and in vivo are provided and combined with fractionation and analytical tools for effect-directed analysis of key toxicants. Integrated assessment of exposure and effects on biofilms, invertebrate and fish communities linking chemical analysis in water, sediment and biota with in vitro, in vivo and community level effect analysis is designed to provide data and conceptual understanding for risk arising from key toxicants in aquatic ecosystems and will be used for verification of various modelling approaches. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE: The developed tools will be verified in case studies representing European key areas including Mediterranean, Western and Central European river basins. An end-user-directed decision support system will be provided for cost-effective tool selection and appropriate risk and site prioritisation.     

超临界流体技术在废旧塑料解聚中的应用

介绍了超临界流体及其特性,并综述了不同废旧塑料在超临界流体中解聚的应用现状,指出超临界解聚技术是一项处理废旧塑料的"绿色技术",为废旧塑料的回收利用开辟了新的途径,最后展望了该技术的应用前景及需要研究解决的问题.     

我国电子废弃物管理与资源化对策

电子废弃物对人类环境的影响,已成为全球化的问题.通过对发达国家关于电子废弃物管理以及资源化技术的进展回顾,针对我国目前的情况提出相应的对策：制定延伸生产者责任以及有害物质的停用限期的相应法规;建立电子废弃物回收网络体系;通过国家政策和经济的扶持,尽快建立专门处理电子废弃物的机构;加快我国电子废弃物处理技术的步伐,尽快提高现有工艺及设备.     

德国循环经济的发展经验及其对我国的可借鉴性分析

将德国循环经济的发展历程划分为废物末端处理、以循环为目的的废物减量化、废物减量化+无害化、废物减量化+无害化+资源化4个阶段进行论述,从中得出以消费促生产、创新组织模式以及依法推进等经验与启示,并结合我国目前循环经济发展在制度、技术与经济等方面存在的障碍,对这些经验与启示做出适用性分析。据此对我国循环经济的发展提出加强循环社会建设、建立废物处理中介组织、鼓励和扶持循环经济技术的开发和引进、加强立法和公众参与等建议。     

循环水冲洗生态厕所及其污水处理方法

主要研究了循环水冲洗生态厕所对冲厕污水有机污染物和NH4 -N的去除效果.结果表明,在进水COD和NH4 -N负荷分别为1.2～1.4 kg COD/m3·d和0.1～0.11kg NH4 -N/m3·d时,循环水冲洗生态厕所出水COD和NH4 -N稳定维持在15 mg/L和5 mg/L,达到我国中水回用相关标准,满足了循环冲洗水水质要求,根本上实现了冲厕污水源头治理和资源化.     

The future monitoring capabilities of four network configurations in eastern Canada

The capability of deposition networks in eastern Canada to resolve regional trends has been examined by Blanchard et al. (1996, Atmospheric Environment 30, 2539–2549). This paper extends the earlier methods to permit evaluation of the need for specific individual sites, comparison of additional network configurations, and consideration of more regions. Parameter estimates for the statistical model are improved by using monthly instead of annual data. For the regions that we examined, eliminating all provincial sites in eastern Canada would cause an increase of 1 to 6 years in the time required for reaching a 90% probabiility of detecting the expected future trends. The elimination of certain key provincial sites may increase the uncertainties in the determination of deposition isopleths of particular interest, such as the 20 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ contours. The statistical techniques presented here are quite general and can be extended to statistical tests or estimators other than those illustrated here.     

污水资源化问题分析与对策

污水资源化是解决我国目前存在的严重水危机的有效途径。从我国水危机现状出发，分析了目前实施污水资源化过程中存在的政策、管理、资金、技术设备等多方面问题，并提出了相应对策。     

鞭式节丛孢(Arthrobotrys flagrans CBS583.91)对氯化钠和氯化镉的耐受性

首次报道了鞭式节丛孢的氯化钠和氯化镉耐受性,在查氏平板上培养39d，鞭式节丛孢对氯化钠的最高耐受浓度为0．6mol L^-1，对氯化镉的最高耐受浓度为3．0mmol L^-1；在LCMA平板上，0．18mol L^-1氯化钠抑制三维菌网的形成，0．30mol L^-1氯化钠抑制厚垣孢子的萌发，0．05mmol L^-1氯化镉抑制三维菌网形成，0．07mmol L^-1氯化镉抑制厚垣孢子萌发．图1表3参8     

神经网络技术在单机应变寿命监控中的应用研究

目的解决单机应变监控载荷模型中非线性问题带来的误差。方法基于人工神经网络技术,结合某型飞机典型盒段试验件有限元模型,建立用于单机应变寿命监控的神经网络载荷模型,利用随机选取的测试数据对模型的精确性进行验证,并与多元线性回归模型进行对比分析。结果 BP神经网络载荷模型的预测值比较贴近实测值,同时要优于多元线性回归模型的预测结果。结论 BP神经网络载荷模型可以用于单机应变监控,而且预测精度更高,可以更加准确地把握平尾的损伤情况。     

城市生活垃圾分类回收治理激励监督机制研究

考虑政府政策激励监督对城市生活垃圾分类回收治理的影响,构建政府监管-企业处理-居民参与的演化博弈模型,借助演化博弈理论分析4种不同情境下城市生活垃圾分类回收治理的演化稳定策略,并借助数值仿真分析了政府激励监督对各方策略选择的影响.研究发现：居民进行垃圾分类获得的收益大于参与分类的成本两倍及以上时,才会主动参与垃圾分类,否则不会主动参与分类,同时居民对政府正向激励补贴的变化比企业更为敏感.政府实施较高的负向激励力度时可有效约束企业行为,但过高的监管成本会造成垃圾回收治理的管理困境.