天津市PM2.5浓度时空分布特征及重污染过程来源模拟分析

天津市多发生以PM_2.5为首要污染物的重污染事件,明确ρ（PM_2.5）时空分布特征及重污染过程来源对PM_2.5的综合治理意义深远.利用天津市2014-2017年环境资料和2016年气象资料,结合WRF-Chem模式研究了天津市ρ（PM_2.5）时空分布特征及重污染过程来源.结果表明:①自2014年以来,天津市ρ（PM_2.5）呈逐年下降趋势.②ρ（PM_2.5）月变化曲线呈"U"型分布,呈冬春季高、夏秋季低的季节性特征;ρ（PM_2.5）日变化呈双峰型分布,主峰值出现在08:00-09:00,次峰值出现在21:00-翌日00:00.③各季节天津市ρ（PM_2.5）空间分布不同,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季高值中心分别位于天津市西南部的静海区、中心城区北部的北辰区、西部的武清区及北部的蓟州区.④WRF-Chem模式模拟的天津市秋冬季污染物来源结果表明,本地源贡献率为56%,外来源输送贡献率为44%,其中以河北省和山东省的输送为主.2016年12月16-22日天津市一次重污染过程的模拟结果表明,天津市本地源贡献率为49.6%,河北省、北京市和山东省的外来源输送贡献率分别为32.2%、7.0%和2.2%.污染前期,不利气象条件和外来源输送造成天津市ρ（PM_2.5）聚集并形成重度污染;污染持续过程中,本地源贡献率逐渐增大并占主导地位.研究显示,近年来天津市ρ（PM_2.5）呈下降趋势,并有明显的空间分布特征.      

区域环境质量综合评价指标体系的构建及实证研究

以社会经济系统与环境系统的可持续发展为核心思想,运用层次分析法,建立以人类与环境之间压力—状态—响应关系为框架的,综合环境监测各要素的,反映区域可持续发展水平的区域环境质量综合评价体系。运用全国10年的时间序列数据和2010年31个省(市、区)的截面数据进行了实证检验,得出了全国环境质量2001—2010年的发展趋势与变化规律,同时将2010年31个省(市、区)的综合评价结果进行聚类分析,将其划分为6个大类、8个小类,并深入分析了各类地区的环境质量现状、环境压力和环境管理方面的区域差异和特征。实证表明区域环境质量综合评价体系的评价指标具备合理性、科学性和可比性,可为环境管理和决策提供科学依据,具有较好的推广性和实用性。     

河北省夏季降雨溶解性有机物光谱特征的空间分布、来源解析及氮素响应

溶解性有机物(DOM)是大气环境有机物的重要组成部分,为了探究大气环境中DOM的演变特征,结合紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱对河北省夏季降雨雨水DOM的组分和光谱特征进行解析和研究.结果表明,该时期雨水DOM的分子量存在显著差异,北部地区要显著低于中部和南部地区(P <0.05);平行因子法解析出2种类腐殖质组分(C1和C4),1种类蛋白组分(C2)和1种富里酸组分(C3),组分C2与组分C3和C4呈现显著正相关(P <0.001),可能具有相似的来源;平行因子法中类蛋白组分(C2)占主体、其均值达到40.59%,与此同时各组分的荧光强度和相对丰度空间差异不显著(P> 0.05)、城乡间差异显著(P <0.05);荧光区域积分得到的各组分呈现出空间差异不显著(P> 0.05),城乡差异显著的特征(P <0.05);荧光区域积分得到的DOM类蛋白物质占主体(61.59%～89.01%),与平行因子法的结果相一致.与此同时,冗余分析(RDA)显示雨水中总氮、硝氮和氨氮是影响雨水DOM组成分布的主要水质参数;三维荧光光谱指数分布呈现出显著的城乡差异,高F...     

区域开发环境影响评价中总量控制分析与方法——以乌鲁木齐县水西沟乡城镇化建设为例

结合乌鲁木齐县水西沟乡城镇化建设项目环评,对环境影响评价中进行区域污染物总量控制主要分析过程和方法进行了阐述和探讨。首先确定总量控制目标,然后根据主要能源和资源消耗水平确定污染物排放总量,采用适当的分配方法将总量控制目标进行合理分解,提出开发区域总量控制方案,并进行了可行性分析,以确保其合理性。     

2006—2016年我国工亡率趋势变化及其地区差异研究——基于工伤保险数据

为了解决目前国内现有工亡率数据所存在的局限性问题，引入我国工伤保险数据，并在此基础上分析2006—2016年我国及各地区的工亡率变化趋势， 进而运用泰尔指数分析法测算全国及各地区的工亡率地区差异。研究结果表明:2006—2016年，我国总体工亡率呈下降趋势，但整体水平仍偏高；西部明显高于东、中部，但东、中、西部之间的工亡率差异在缩小；东部、中部和西部内部各省市之间的差异还比较大。最后，提出设定管控工亡率指标时要注重追求本质上的进步，各地应采取措施解决不平衡的问题，完善标准化工亡报告制度，选择更高水平的国际对标体系。     

中国地震应急二级分区的初步研究

在已有地震应急宏观分区研究的基础上,首先讨论了进一步开展地震应急次级分区的意义及其分区方案的多样性;然后提取“政治经济强辐射中心、少数民族聚居区、贫困人口聚居区、侨乡、大型工业危险源”等5方面社会经济因素在不同县域内的10种主要组合类型作为区划指标,采取“自下而上归并”的区划途径,进行了中国地震应急二级分区研究。结果表明,在将我国大陆划分为8个地震应急一级大区的基础上,从社会经济角度又可大致划分出19个二级区;二级区的划分进一步揭示了不同地区开展地震应急工作时应注意的一些较具体的社会经济问题及其空间配置特点;两级分区的结合从“宏观概括”和“中观具体”两个层次示范了地震应急分区研究的基本内容。     

Policy support for rural economic development based on Holling’s ecological concept of panarchy

Globally, rural regions are searching for innovative growth opportunities to reinvigorate their economies. This paper examines the redevelopment of rural communities through an ecological lens – based on the notion of continuous cycles of adaptive change within complex systems as first identified within Holling’s concept of panarchy. Panarchy suggests that complex systems have more than a single equilibrium point and, instead, have some inherent resiliency based on the notion of multiple stable regimes. As such, panarchy provides a conceptual model that describes the ways in which complex social and ecological systems are organized and structured both spatially and temporally. By drawing parallels between the characteristics of ecological communities and rural economic systems, a novel framework is developed to assist policy-makers reflect on a rural community’s position along its own adaptive change cycle and, then, implement appropriate inventions to improve system resiliency – which in this case is linked with economic resiliency through development and/or growth. Supported by empirical data emerging from both key informant interviews and content analysis of current rural development policy, this work also identifies leverage points where policy intervention may be most advantageous by specifying the timing of policy instruments on the cycle. Specifically, this framework describes four leverage points, three major and one minor, to help push or pull rural regions into an area of higher resilience.     

Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky1

Brockman, Ruth R., Carmen T. Agouridis, Stephen R. Workman, Lindell E. Ormsbee, and Alex W. Fogle, 2012. Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 391‐406. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00621.x Abstract: Bankfull regional curves that relate channel dimensions and discharge to watershed drainage area are useful tools for assisting in the correct identification of bankfull elevation and in stream restoration and reconstruction. This study assessed 28 stable streams located in two physiographic regions of Kentucky: the Inner Bluegrass and the Outer Bluegrass. Bankfull channel dimensions, discharge, and return period as well as average channel slope, median bed material size, sinuosity, Rosgen stream classification, and percent impervious area were determined. Significant relationships were found between drainage area and the bankfull characteristics of cross‐sectional area, width, mean depth, and discharge for both the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass regions (α = 0.05). It was also found that the percent impervious area in a watershed had minimal effect on bankfull dimensions, which is attributed to the well‐vegetated nature of the streambanks, cohesive streambank materials, and bedrock control. No significant differences between any of the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass regional curves were found (α = 0.05). Comparisons were made between the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass curves and others developed in karst‐influenced areas in the Eastern United States. Although few significant differences were found between the regional curves for bankfull discharge and width, a number of the curves differed with regards to bankfull cross‐sectional area and mean depth.     

Stationarity of Streamflow Records and Their Influence on Bankfull Regional Curves1

Haucke, Jessica and Katherine A. Clancy, 2011. Stationarity of Streamflow Records and Their Influence on Bankfull Regional Curves. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1338–1347. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00590.x Abstract: Bankfull regional curves, which are curves that establish relationships among channel morphology, discharge, drainage area, are used extensively for stream restoration. These curves are developed upon the assumption that streamflows maintain stationarity over the entire record. We examined this assumption in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin where agricultural soil retention practices have changed, and precipitation has increased since the 1970s. We developed a bankfull regional curve for this area using field surveys of bankfull channel performed during 2008‐2009 and annual series of peak streamflows for 10 rivers with streamflow records ranging from the 1930s to 2009. We found bankfull flows to correlate to a 1.1 return period. To evaluate gage data statistics, we used the sign test to compare our channel morphology to historic 1.5 return period discharge (Q_1.5) for five time periods: 1959‐1972, 1973‐1992, 1993‐2008, 1999‐2008, and the 1959‐2008 period of record. Analysis of the historic gage data indicated that there has been a more than 30% decline in Q_1.5 since 1959. Our research suggests that land conservation practices may have a larger impact on gaging station stationarity than annual precipitation changes do. Additionally, historic peak flow data from gages, which have records that span land conservation changes, may need to be truncated to represent current flow regimes.     

泥石流点密度和面密度对区域泥石流危险度的影响——对比研究

泥石流分布密度是区域泥石流危险度评价的主要指标。泥石流分布密度分为点密度和面密度,前者是指每103km内泥石流沟的数量;后者是指每103km内泥石流沟的流域面积。以川西山区60个县市区为研究样本,分别以泥石流点密度和面密度作为区域泥石流危险度的主要评价指标,结合7个相同的区域泥石流危险度的次要评价指标,对研究区以县市区为基本单元的区域泥石流危险度进行了定量评价。结果表明,各县市区面积加权平均后的泥石流危险度分别为0.51(面密度)和0.52(点密度),差别甚微,整体上均属于泥石流中度危险区。两者的平均绝对差值0.04,远小于0.2这一危险度等级差值,平均相对差值为6.49%,小于10%这一允许的均方差范围。由此可知,用泥石流面密度来评价区域泥石流危险度,并非优于点密度;相反地,由于泥石流点密度具有获取资料相对容易、计算比较简便、工作量较小等优点,因而具有更为便利的推广应用价值。