西固炼化基地区域大气质量变化特征与减排建议

西固炼化基地是西北地区最大的石油化工生产基地,在带动区域经济腾飞的同时,也随之产生了显著的大气环境问题。收集该区域2005年、2008年、2012年和2014年的大气现状监测资料,对近10年区域大气质量变化特征进行分析,确定针对西固炼化基地的管控污染物主要是特征污染物,结合基地排污情况提出相应的减排措施。研究表明,近10年SO_2、NO_2大气污染治理取得了显著效果,从2005年近半监测点超标到2014年无超标现象,污染物浓度逐年下降。2005—2014年的数次监测中几乎所有监测点颗粒物浓度全部超标。NMHC浓度呈先下降后上升的态势,2005年和2014年超标现象明显,其中2014年全部监测点超标。     

珠三角冬季PM2.5重污染区域输送特征数值模拟研究

利用嵌套网格空气质量模式系统(NAQPMS)及其耦合的污染来源追踪模块,针对2013年1月珠三角区域的PM_(2.5)重污染过程输送特征进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,污染气团首先形成于广州、佛山地区,并在弱偏北风的作用下南移加强,影响整个珠三角区域.重污染期间,广州(64.9%)、佛山(58.9%)的PM_(2.5)主要来自本地贡献,是区域输送最主要的来源地区;中山(51.9%)、珠海(66.2%)的PM_(2.5)主要来自外来贡献,是区域输送主要的受体地区.重污染期间,广州和佛山对中山的PM_(2.5)日均贡献率之和总体保持在25%以上,污染最重时达到40%.交通(26%)、工业(24%)、扬尘(16%)、火力发电(15%)和生物质燃烧(8%)是对中山贡献最大的5类源:工业源中山本地与外来输送贡献率基本相当;交通和扬尘源以中山本地贡献为主,贡献率分别为55%和67%;火力发电和生物质燃烧源以外来输送为主,贡献率分别为56%和62%.各类排放源的外来输送中,以广州、佛山所占的比例最大.     

跨省流域生态补偿机制的创新——基于区域治理的视角

在传统行政区行政理念的主导下,流域政府皆以追求本地利益最大化为基本目标,甚少关注甚至漠视流域公共利益,流域政府间利益冲突严重,因此,难以对跨省流域生态补偿达成一致意见.跨省流域生态补偿的实施有赖于政府行政管理理念向区域治理理念的转变和相应的机制创新,包括建立流域政府间的民主协商机制、多元主体联合供给机制和中央对流域政府的选择性激励机制.     

试析清代北京地区政府救灾组织系统的主要特点

清代建都北京,在这里实行特殊的行政管理制度,与之相适应,救灾组织系统也与各地不同。清代北京地区政府救灾组织系统的主要特点有三：一是旗、汉分城办理。清初实行的旗、汉分城居住政策,导致北京城市居址环境的变迁。内城八旗救灾事务由八旗都统负责,外五城救灾事务由五城察院负责。这一特点既与清代逐渐演变形成的特殊官制有关,又与中央集...     

ESTIMATION OF LONG-TERM DISCHARGE STATISTICS BY REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT1

ABSTRACT: A regional adjustment relationship was developed to estimate long-term (30-year) monthly median discharges from short term (three-year) records. This method differs from traditional approaches in that it is based on site-specific discharge data but does not require correlation of these data with discharges from a single hydrologically similar long-term gage. The method is shown to be statistically robust, and applicable to statistics other than the median.     

关于影响易损性分析结果的区域因素研究——以福建为例

以福建省震害快速评估系统为依托,以分析处理现场实际调查数据为基础,提出了主要影响易损性分析结果的四个区域因素及其影响指数值、区域综合指数值,提供了各分区的划分依据、各分区影响指数值的评定标准以及区域综合指数值的计算方法,为合理应用不同地区之间的易损性矩阵或易损性曲线提供了参考依据。     

ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM ARID AND SEMI-ARID SURFACES1

ABSTRACT: Evapotranspiration (ET) from oasis and Gobi surfaces in the Heihe River region of China was estimated by Kotoda (1986) and Advection-Aridity (Brutsaert and Stricker, 1979) models. The ET estimates were compared with eddy-correlation ET estimates. The ET estimated by both models are in good agreement with ET obtained by means of eddy-correlation method for the oasis surface while underestimating ET as compared to the eddy-correlation method. For the Gobi surface, the models yielded obviously overestimates of evapotranspiration. In order to estimate evapotranspiration from arid surfaces, the Kotoda model was modified by introducing the surface moisture availability parameter a from Barton (1979). The modified Kotoda model yielded ET estimates that were very close to that from the eddy-correlation method for the Gobi surface. The modified Kotoda model was used to estimate evapotranspiration from the Heihe River watershed, an area with complicated topography and land use, and the results compared with those from a water balance method. A sensitivity analysis of the modified model was performed. The results show that the modified Kotoda model can reflect the relationship between the actual evapotranspiration and the main controlling factors on it for both wet and arid surfaces reasonably. From this study, it can be concluded that the modified Kotoda model is applicable fro the estimation of regional evapotranspiration from areas with complicated topography and land use.     

A metapopulation approach of the dynamics of arthropods from Mediterranean-type ecosystems

In this paper we developed a general stage-structured, Leslie-type model, suitable to simulate dynamics of soil arthropods under typical Mediterranean conditions. In order to explore arthropods’ life-history strategies in relation to enhanced spatial heterogeneity of the Mediterranean ecosystems, metapopulation characteristics were considered and different habitat quality regimes, in terms of dominant microclimatic conditions, were taken into account. Environmental stochasticity in temperature and humidity was incorporated into the model, and an elasticity analysis was conducted to quantify contribution of different life-history traits to metapopulation growth rate. The application of the model revealed well-known life-cycle characteristics of Mediterranean arthropods, such as seasonally fluctuating population sizes and skewing phenologies, a fact that confirms models’ reliability. Furthermore, the model seems able to elucidate controversial points of the animals’ life-cycle development, such as the long-term maintenance of populations in the field and the underlying mechanisms related to the adjustment to the specific features of the Mediterranean ecosystem. Subpopulations inhabiting various microsites display different dynamics and the interaction between these subpopulations, via dispersion, seems to be able to ensure stochastic equilibrium for the system. Dispersal appears to play a decisive role, allowing arthropods to conform to spatial severities and habitats fragmentation, rescuing individuals and recolonizing previously extinct habitats.     

水体冻结过程中荧光物质的迁移转化研究

本研究利用荧光区域积分法考察了在水体冻结过程中,溶解性有机物(DOM)组分中荧光物质的迁移转化.同时,利用XAD树脂,将DOM分为3个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明,在水体冻结过程中,HPO-A、TPI-A和HPI的DOC浓度在水相中逐渐增加,而在冰相中先减少后增加,并且这3种DOM组分在冰、水两相间的分配系数排序为:HPITPI-AHPOA.在水体冻结过程中,水相中HPO-A和HPI的总累计荧光强度(ΦT,n)值,以及冰相中3种DOM组分的总ΦT,n值随冻结时间的变化趋势均为先降低后升高.在水体冻结过程中,水相中3种DOM组分的类腐殖酸荧光峰发生蓝移.冻融作用导致HPO-A和HPI的荧光性降低.与HPO-A和HPI相比,TPI-A的荧光性受冻融作用的影响相对较小.此外,在4类荧光物质中,冻融作用对DOM组分中的类富里酸荧光物质和类腐殖酸荧光物质的影响较显著.     

珠江三角洲区域污染分布及其垂直风场特征

基于2014年4月~2015年3月珠江三角洲(珠三角)56个环境监测子站以及9个城市的逐时PM2.5浓度数据,对珠三角地区的颗粒物污染进行了系统聚类分析和相关性分析.结果表明,珠三角地区PM2.5的区域污染可分为3种类区,一为东莞、广州、佛山以及江门(Ⅰ型);二为中山、珠海、深圳、惠州(Ⅱ型);三为肇庆单独为一类(Ⅲ型).其在一年中所出现的天数分别为47、7和128 d.Ⅰ型污染时,除珠海、深圳和惠州外,其他城市的PM2.5浓度普遍较高;Ⅱ型污染时,整个珠三角地区的PM2.5浓度均要高于50.0μg·m-3;Ⅲ型污染时,PM2.5浓度较高的区域主要集中在肇庆、广州以及佛山地区.同时利用珠三角地区4台主要的风廓线雷达数据研究3种污染类型所对应的垂直风场特征发现:Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型污染状况所对应的风廓线相似,低层受东南风控制,高层为西南风,Ⅲ型的风速大于Ⅰ型风速,而Ⅱ型污染时的风速明显大于其他两种类型,其低层几乎均受偏北风影响,而高层则受偏西风的影响.Ⅱ型污染所对应的边界层中低层的风向变化很小,而其他两类则有一定的变化.同时Ⅱ型的通风量要明显大于其他两种类型,其中Ⅰ型的通风量最小.珠三角受偏北风作用时,整个珠三角的PM2.5浓度较高;当盛行东南风时,Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的PM2.5浓度相对较低,而Ⅲ区的污染相对较重.