苏州市主要工业污染物排放强度研究

污染物排放强度反映单位新创造经济价值的环境负荷大小.运用均方差赋权法对苏州市各地区的工业废水量、工业化学需氧量、工业氨氮、工业二氧化硫、工业氮氧化物、工业烟(粉)尘等6种主要污染物排放强度进行评价,结果表明,六种主要污染物排放强度综合评价的全市平均水平为15.08.然后分别计算各地区的污染物排放强度降低潜力,结果表明,主要污染物排放强度减排潜力存在区域间差异.最后提出促进污染物排放强度降低的一些建议.     

新疆生物质能资源的经济效益分析与评价

生物质能资源具有可再生和环境友好的双重属性,现已成为新疆能源发展的重要组成部分。对新疆生物质能资源进行总量估算,分析其地区分布特点,运用替代价值法分别计算秸秆、牲畜粪便及能源植物三大类生物质能资源的经济效益,并从结果中分析得出,新疆生物质能资源在区域分布上具有资源分布不均、＂西高东低＂以及效益高低与自然条件关联性大等特征。因此,新疆在发展生物质能源产业时应当因地制宜,才能最大限度将区域资源优势转化为经济优势。     

Integrated Measures of Anthropogenic Stress in the U.S. Great Lakes Basin

Integrated, quantitative expressions of anthropogenic stress over large geographic regions can be valuable tools in environmental research and management. Despite the fundamental appeal of a regional approach, development of regional stress measures remains one of the most important current challenges in environmental science. Using publicly available, pre-existing spatial datasets, we developed a geographic information system database of 86 variables related to five classes of anthropogenic stress in the U.S. Great Lakes basin: agriculture, atmospheric deposition, human population, land cover, and point source pollution. The original variables were quantified by a variety of data types over a broad range of spatial and classification resolutions. We summarized the original data for 762 watershed-based units that comprise the U.S. portion of the basin and then used principal components analysis to develop overall stress measures within each stress category. We developed a cumulative stress index by combining the first principal component from each of the five stress categories. Maps of the stress measures illustrate strong spatial patterns across the basin, with the greatest amount of stress occurring on the western shore of Lake Michigan, southwest Lake Erie, and southeastern Lake Ontario. We found strong relationships between the stress measures and characteristics of bird communities, fish communities, and water chemistry measurements from the coastal region. The stress measures are taken to represent the major threats to coastal ecosystems in the U.S. Great Lakes. Such regional-scale efforts are critical for understanding relationships between human disturbance and ecosystem response, and can be used to guide environmental decision-making at both regional and local scales.     

Bioaccumulation of Hg, Cu, and Zn in the Azores triple junction hydrothermal vent fields food web

In this work, mercury (Hg), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations and tissue distribution are determined in seven benthic invertebrates species (the key species) from the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) hydrothermal vent fields. The samples were collected from three hydrothermal vent fields – Menez Gwen, 840 m; Lucky Strike, 1700 m and Rainbow, 2300 m – near the Azores Triple Junction. These fields are characterized by different depths, geological context and chemical composition of the hydrothermal fluid, particularly the metal content, which is reflected by the metal concentrations in the organisms. Indeed, our results show that organisms from Menez Gwen presented the highest Hg concentrations, while those from Lucky Strike and Rainbow were richer in Cu and Zn. The potential transfer of these metals through two trophic links are also evaluated and include (1) the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus and the commensal worm Branchipolynoe seepensis, and (2) three different species of shrimps and the crab Segonzacia mesatlantica. No evidence of Hg biomagnification in either of the vent food chains is clearly observed but an increase in Hg accumulation from prey to predator in the crustacean food chain. The same pattern was observed for Cu and Zn, even though these metals are not known to be generally biomagnified in food chains.     

Assessment of the risk of excess sulfur input into terrestrial ecosystems of the Kola Peninsula

The tolerance of terrestrial ecosystems of the Kola Peninsula to atmospheric deposition of acid-forming sulfur compounds and the risk of their excess input into these ecosystems have been assessed on the basis of the critical load concept. The most sensitive ecosystems (critical sulfur load <400 equiv/ha per year) occupy 58% of the total area of the peninsula. These are mainly pine, spruce, and birch forests (including open and crooked birch forests) growing on podzols formed on sandy boulder-pebble glacial deposits. The zones of ecological risk cover the northwestern and central parts of the peninsula near the Pechenganikel and Severonikel combined works (20% of the total area).     

山东省珍稀濒危植物的区域分布及其保护

本文分析了山东省珍稀濒危植物的种类、区域分布及其产生的原因，提出了保护和合理开发利用的对策。     

MODELING GROUND WATER FLOW USING FLUX BOUNDARY CONDITIONS1

ABSTRACT: Determination of the boundary conditions for modeling ground water flow is a critical point especially in regional models. Normally the regional models require model areas that are greater than the given area of interest. This work focuses on the prediction of hydraulic heads in regional models using flux boundary conditions. The model uses flux boundary conditions that were estimated using a radial flow analog and Darcy's law. The regional model that is presented uses no parameter identification (inverse estimation) procedures. In the present work, the Houston area was used. The simulation of the hydrological conditions of the Chicot and Evangeline Aquifers that underlie the Houston area were made using the available information about the geological profile in the Houston region and the current information about the existing production wells. The regional model works as a forward problem. The system parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, specific storage, and hydrological stresses were specified, and the model predicts the hydraulic head. Actual data from piezometers operated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in many places throughout Houston were used as initial conditions. Some piezometric head data were generated using the regional variable theory called kriging to supply head estimates in areas where data were unavailable. The Modular Three Dimensional Finite Difference Groundwater Flow Model developed by the USGS was used to predict the hydraulic heads. The predicted ground water heads are compared to the actual data. The results show that the model performs well for locations where data were available.     

长江三角洲农业发展的地域差异研究

长江三角洲地处以上海为中心的经济发展区,是我国经济实力最强、产业规模最大的三角洲,具有良好的自然、社会、人文和区位条件,农业发展水平居全国前列。但是经济发展和高密度人口也给农业进一步发展带来沉重的压力,人地矛盾和人粮矛盾加剧严重危害了长江三角洲农业的可持续发展,同时全区农业发展水平受到自然、经济和历史因素的影响,存在较大的地域差异。从长江三角洲农业发展的地域差异出发,选取与农业发展密切相关的经济、     

试论江苏省国土资源与区域可持续发展

国土资源是区域可持续发展的基础,国土资源的合理开发利用是区域持发展的必由之路。首先详细地分析了江苏国土资源的优势条件,然后着重阐述了江苏国土资源的劣势,指出 一个资源约束型省份人地关系紧张、气候灾害频敏、环境问题突出已严重制约着区域的可持续发展;最后,根据江苏省情,对江苏可持续发展提出如下建议;加强对地理区位的开发和利用,促进力的合理布局,严格控制人口增长,努力提高人口素质,严格保护耕地,高效利用     

Environmental problem-solving and land-use management: A proposed structure for Australia

A three-tiered structure of land-use and environmental management is here proposed for Australia. The structure is based on the idea that environment means the environment of people, and that environmental problems arise when a change in the interaction between people and their environment leads to conflicts about the use of land and resources. The heterogeneity of society means that a range of human aspirations and value systems must be satisfied by environmental managers. Existing methods of environmental management fail to achieve these objectives, due to inadequate perception of environmental problems by decision-makers, and the inability of currently available impact assessment techniques to resolve human conflicts associated with the use of land and resources. The main work of planning and managing land use and the environment would be carried out by regional authorities, supported by federal and state policy. Examples are given of moves towards regional administration in England and Wales, Western Australia, Australia and New Zealand. Community participation in the decision-making process is essential and can be achieved by electoral representation to the authoritative bodies and through procedures that ensure informed public comment on planning proposals.