Sharing and preparing: cross-institutional,food security-based knowledge in Canada

This study proposes a framework for the collection and management of knowledge related to food security in Canada. This paper has several goals. First, the paper summarizes the current state of food security knowledge in Canada. Second, the paper presents data from an experiment where food security issues were discussed by stakeholders at two fora, the first of which was held in western Canada and the second held in eastern Canada. Finally, based on the notes taken during and feedback received after the fora, this paper suggests a framework for organizing and managing the multiple perspectives and complex types of knowledge about food security and sustainable development from a Canadian context. Two fora were held in Canada where food security issues were presented and discussed by multiple stakeholders. Most provinces in Canada were represented in at least one of the two sessions. Sessions were designed to be informative and interactive; agenda were designed to take advantage of the needs and experiences of multiple stakeholders in both western and eastern regions of Canada. To develop the framework, the sessions were also designed to assess the types of issues and knowledge about food security in Canada. Evidence presented from this experiment supports arguments that food security work must be approached in a collaborative manner, no matter the approach or discipline. Data from fora held in western and eastern regions of Canada indicate a number of specific ways in which those along the food continuum have the desire to share knowledge and enter into partnerships to work toward secure and sustainable food systems. Data also indicate how academia and institutions of higher learning might play a key role in sharing food security-based knowledge. The data from this study suggest that academia could play a leadership role in collecting and sharing information about food security-based knowledge from all disciplinary approaches that could help collaborative in addressing the complexity of food security challenges. The framework developed in this paper could provide the guide for organizing knowledge about food security and sustainable development. The framework could be used as a map to guide understanding about the different ways in which food security can be approached and understood; this could help reduce tensions among partners in projects where a wide variety of experiences are attempting to work collaboratively. The two food security fora brought together stakeholders with specialized knowledge about food security in a Canadian context. The analysis of data arising from the fora permitted unique insights to arise about the nature of knowledge by region. The data in this study also allowed us to build a framework for food security knowledge from these regional knowledge bases. This paper suggests that academia actively take a leadership role and openly share knowledge about food security. Open sharing of knowledge will help collaborates in dealing with complex food security issues understand in-depth other approaches; this sharing may help to make explicit the tensions that arise during collaborative work.     

中国碳排放的区域差异及其与经济增长的关联分析

采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的碳排放测算方法,计算了除香港、澳门、台湾和西藏外中国30个省(市、自治区)1995-2010年的碳排放量,并选取碳排放总量、碳排放强度和人均碳排放量3个指标,运用多指标面板数据聚类法,将各省份划分为高、中和低碳排放区域:高碳排放区域包括河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁、山东和宁夏,低碳排放区域包括北京、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、海南、重庆、四川、云南、陕西和青海,中碳排放区域包括天津、吉林、黑龙江、上海、江苏、河南、贵州、甘肃和新疆.分别对3类地区的人均碳排放量和人均GDP进行协整检验和回归分析,结果显示人均碳排放量和人均GDP存在长期协整关系且符合环境库兹涅茨曲线,高、中和低碳排放区域的理论曲线拐点分别为人均GDP 41 046、50 219和47 049元.今后一段时期内我国碳排放总量还将继续增长,但GDP的增长速度大于碳排放量的增长速度,碳排放强度会继续下降.     

中国城市化水平省际差异的成因探析

1990～2000年中国城市化水平的省际差异已从原来的北高南低态势转变为目前东高西低的格局。这是由各地区不同的自然环境背景、人口分布与增长、经济发展水平,以及国家区域发展政策等因素的综合影响而形成的。对中国各省区1990年和2000年城市化水平与自然、人口、经济发展、工业化水平等四类12个指标的因子分析表明,区域城市化水平不仅与工业化水平或经济发展水平呈正相关,与人口密度、农业经济呈负相关,而且受工业化水平或经济发展水平的影响更为强烈。并且,随着社会经济发展和工业化推进,工业化因子对城市化的拉动效应在减弱,而综合经济发展对城市化的拉动效应在显著增强。     

长江干流地区区域发展与国家工业化

江河流域是人类文明的摇篮。作为四大文明古国之一,江河流域、特别是长江流域（干流）资源的开发对中国的持续发展至关重要。在农耕时期,受气候条件变化的影响,自盛唐中期以后（公元640年）长江流域（干流）就开始取代黄河流域成为国家最重要的人口集聚和社会生产场所。进入工业化进程以来,由于优越的地理位置和良好的人文素质,长江流域（干流）再次承担起推动国家现代经济发展主力引擎的职责,尽管这一发展经受过国家区域发展政策的不同影响。随着国家人地关系演进状态和社会经济整体发展环境的变化,21世纪长江流域（干流）在国家现代化进程中将承担起较以往更为重大的责任,其中以重化工制造业的发展最为重要。然而,要切实完成国家工业化和现代化所赋予的历史使命,长江流域（干流）地区未来的发展应首先处理好自身的发展环境问题,诸如上游地区土壤侵蚀、沿岸城市空气污染、地区能源供应短缺、城乡用地冲突等等。而所有这些问题的解决都依赖于一系列科学的区域发展政策。     

下向穿层瓦斯抽采钻孔新型封孔方法及应用

潘三煤矿17181(1)运输顺槽顶板岩层含水丰富,下向穿层钻孔抽采17181(1)运顺瓦斯受岩层富水影响较大。为解决这一问题,结合潘三矿11-2煤顶板实际情况,分析了影响下向穿层钻孔抽采瓦斯的主要因素,提出了"先区域封水,后打抽采钻孔,再利用‘两堵一注’快速封孔法封孔"成套技术解决方案,形成了一种新型下向穿层瓦斯抽采钻孔封孔方法。经潘三矿17181(1)瓦斯综合治理巷现场实践证明,下向穿层抽采钻孔的瓦斯抽采纯量与抽采浓度均有大幅度提高,钻孔封孔效果良好。     

区域及全球尺度的NPP过程模型和NPP对全球变化的响应

植被净第一性生产力（NPP）不仅是表征植被活动和生态过程的关键参数,而且是判定生态系统碳汇和反映生态系统对全球变化响应的主要因子。当前,模型模拟成为大尺度NPP研究的主要手段,而在众多NPP估算模型中,过程模型逐渐趋于主导地位。虽然目前有关NPP的研究有很多,但还没有关注于大尺度上应用的过程模型及其模拟的NPP对全球变化的响应。因此本文主要侧重于 NPP 过程模型在区域及全球尺度上的应用,具体包含以下内容,①进一步将区域及全球尺度的NPP过程模型分为静态植被模型和动态植被模型。②阐明这些模型间存在的区别与联系。③归纳出NPP过程模型在区域及全球尺度上应用的3大挑战：时空尺度转换、多源数据的获取与融合以及模型模拟结果的验证与评价,并根据其解决方案总结出通用的模型应用框架。④从气候变化、大气成分变化和土地利用/土地覆盖变化3个方面探讨NPP对全球变化的响应机制,以期找到NPP变化的规律与模式。最后根据NPP模型的发展对未来区域及全球尺度的NPP过程模型进行展望,认为未来模型的综合性将更高,机理性也将更强,同时与全球变化研究结合得更加紧密,且基于多个已有模型的混合模型也是未来NPP模型发展的一个重要方向。此外,本文认为对NPP模拟结果的尺度效应研究也是未来NPP研究的热点之一。     

Will Evolving Climate Conditions Increase the Risk of Floods of the Large U.S.‐Canada Transboundary Richelieu River Basin?

In spring 2011, an unprecedented flood hit the complex eastern United States (U.S.)–Canada transboundary Lake Champlain–Richelieu River (LCRR) Basin, destructing properties and inducing negative impacts on agriculture and fish habitats. The damages, covered by the Governments of Canada and the U.S., were estimated to C$90M. This natural disaster motivated the study of mitigation measures to prevent such disasters from reoccurring. When evaluating flood risks, long‐term evolving climate change should be taken into account to adopt mitigation measures that will remain relevant in the future. To assess the impacts of climate change on flood risks of the LCRR basin, three bias‐corrected multi‐resolution ensembles of climate projections for two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios were used to force a state‐of‐the‐art, high‐resolution, distributed hydrological model. The analysis of the hydrological simulations indicates that the 20‐year return period flood (corresponding to a medium flood) should decrease between 8% and 35% for the end of the 21st Century (2070–2099) time horizon and for the high‐emission scenario representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5. The reduction in flood risks is explained by a decrease in snow accumulation and an increase in evapotranspiration expected with the future warming of the region. Nevertheless, due to the large climate inter‐annual variability, short‐term flood probabilities should remain similar to those experienced in the recent past.     

青海省1998—2012年草地生态系统服务功能价值评估

由于人类活动对草地生态系统的干扰,草地退化加剧,科学评估草地生态系统服务功能的价值对于草地保护与管理决策具有重要意义。论文通过整合青海省多源、多尺度、多过程的生态环境数据,结合大规模的野外调查数据,构建各类专项和综合数据库,以千年生态评估生态系统服务分类系统和Costanza等的分类方法为基础,结合青海省生态系统特征及生态地位,选取了青海省生态系统服务指标评估体系。开发定量核算青海省生态系统服务功能及其价值的数据-模型融合平台,对青海省1998—2012年的草地生态系统固碳释氧、水文调节、土壤保持、生物多样性等16种生态系统服务功能价值进行了全面的评估,成功实现了草地生态系统服务价值评估的动态化、精细化和智能化。结果表明：1998—2012年草地生态系统服务功能总价值在2 349.97~3 374.49亿元之间,均值为2 935.63亿元,是青海省2012年全省GDP的1.55倍,平均每公顷达92.87万元。最后,以此为基础,提出青海省草地生态系统适应性管理策略,为青海省生态立省战略提供决策支持和依据。     

城市人工构筑物的多尺度生态影响

人工构筑物是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,是人-自然耦合关系的基本作用单元。自然要素中的水、土、气、生通过人工构筑物这一基本单元作用或影响人的生存、健康与发展,而人通过构筑物作用或影响自然中的水、土、气、生,进一步进化成人为主导、构筑物为基础、自然要素为条件的城市生态系统。论文综述了近年来人工构筑物多尺度生态影响的研究进展,评述了人工构筑物对土壤（水）、大气、生物生态影响的前沿动态,提出了各研究分支的关注重点及要解决的关键问题,分析了人工构筑物生态学研究的方法学问题与挑战,展望了未来该领域的基本发展走向。论文认为,构筑物生态影响涉及城乡水、土、气、生及人的健康等不同方面,现有的相关研究分散而局部,且受技术方法局限,分析结果存在很大的不确定性,研究面临巨大的转型挑战。未来构筑物生态学研究需要多学科、多尺度、多层次的系统化方法与技术的推动,城乡生态观测与实验技术的发展、多源数据处理技术以及智能计算方法的创新是该领域取得重大发展的基础与条件。     

区域环境健康问题调查的实施机制

环境健康调查实施机制的合理性直接决定了大型区域环境健康调查的执行效率和最终结果.鉴于区域环境健康问题调查涉及内容多学科、执行流程多环节、实施过程有交叉的复杂特点,围绕环境健康传导链特征解析的调查实质,就如何高效组织区域环境健康调查的参与人员和技术力量等实施机制问题进行了探索.在总结我国大型环境健康调查工作实施经验的基础上,提出所有环境健康问题调查人员分属作用分明的“四大功能”角色定位,以及区域环境健康问题调查的“九步运行”技术流程等相关论断.相关研究结果直接支持了若干大型环境与健康调查工作,为进一步丰富区域环境健康问题调查理论提供了借鉴.