Development of continental scale multimedia contaminant fate models: integrating GIS

The incentives and approaches for modelling chemical fate at a continental scale are discussed and reviewed. It is suggested that a multi-media model consisting of some 20-30 regions, each of which contains typically seven environmental compartments represents a reasonable compromise between the issues of the need for detailed resolution, avoidance of excessive data demands and inherent complexity and transparency. Strategies adopted in compiling the Berkley-Trent (BETR) model for North America are discussed and used to illustrate the issues of selecting appropriate number and nature of segments, treatment of air and water flows and the acquisition of environmental data. It is suggested that GIS software can play a valuable role in gathering and processing such data and in the display and interpretation of the results of the model assessment. The BETR model will be a useful tool for describing the nature of persistence and long-range transport of chemicals of concern in the North American environment.     

国家重点环保实用技术地区差异分析

本研究通过统计分析 1992— 1999年国家重点环保实用技术数据 ,得到了重点环保实用技术、大气污染防治及水污染防治重点环保实用技术分布的地区差异规律 ,探讨了其分布不均衡性问题 ,并给出了相应的对策建议     

石化工业园区区域环境风险后评价的风险识别

松花江污染事故发生后,国家更加重视对已有石化工业园区的风险排查以及事故预防,风险识别是风险评价与管理的基础。通过查阅相关资料以及类比分析,分析了已有区域风险识别与普通风险识别的不同,探讨了识别的原则和重点,指出了识别的程序和相应的方法,并给出了实例论证,为区域环境风险识别研究提供借鉴。     

基于动态综合评价的区域环境风险差异化管理

借鉴灾害风险管理理论,运用“纵横向拉开档次法”和“时序加权平均算子法”构建了区域环境风险动态综合评价模型,提出了“风险评价-等级分区-差异化管理”的区域环境风险管理方法,并以河南省为案例研究对象,开展河南省18个市级单元环境风险的动态综合评价和“差异化”管理研究.结果显示：（1）郑州、许昌、漯河等市综合环境风险指数最高,分别为13.79、13.46和13.28,信阳、南阳和三门峡等市综合环境风险指数最低,分别为4.15、4.16和5.01;（2）采用系统分层聚类法将河南省18个市级单元聚为5类环境风险等级区,其中,郑州、许昌、漯河等属于高风险区;焦作、濮阳、鹤壁等属于较高风险区;安阳、开封属于中风险区;平顶山、商丘、周口等市属于较低风险区;洛阳、三门峡、南阳等市属于低风险区;（3）根据河南省各市环境风险等级及主导因素的差异,遵循高、较高风险区“重点控制、优先管理”、中低风险区“逐步控制、加强防范”的原则,提出了“差异化”的风险管理方案.研究结果表明,该方法不仅可实现区域环境风险动态综合评价,识别区域环境风险主要贡献因子,而且“差异化”的风险管理方案更符合地方经济社会环境协调发展的实际需求.     

安徽省持续性区域霾污染的时空分布特征

根据天气和气候特征,将安徽省分为沿淮淮北、江淮之间和沿江江南3个子区,并定义了持续性区域性霾过程.基于气象、环保及遥感资料,分析了安徽省持续性区域性霾过程及相应的气溶胶污染的时空分布特征.结果表明,江淮之间和沿江江南区域性霾日数自1980年开始总体呈增多趋势,沿淮淮北2000年开始增加趋势明显;1980年以来,城市持续性霾过程呈增多趋势,但城市之间差异较大;2000年之后持续性区域性霾过程明显增多,最长过程可达10d以上.62%以上的持续性区域性霾过程出现在冬季;江淮之间次数最多,沿江江南次数最少.区域性霾天气常对应着大范围的高湿、小风情况,并伴随着高浓度气溶胶污染,其光学厚度大于0.9,约是晴空天的2.3倍,气溶胶主要集中在400m以下,如近地面区域性霾天的消光系数是普通霾天的2~2.5倍,晴空天的3~5倍;地面PM_2.5污染而言,区域性霾天至少有一个或以上的城市AQI会达到轻度以上污染等级的概率超过了75%.     

碳排放约束下耕地利用效率的区域差异及其影响因素

论文将耕地利用碳排放纳入耕地利用效率的测度框架中,综合运用SBM-Undesirable模型、基尼系数分解模型和Tobit模型对中国大陆31个省区2003—2015年耕地利用效率的差异格局及影响因素进行定量测度。结果表明：1）总体来看,大部分省份考虑碳排放指标后形成的耕地利用效率值与不考虑碳排放指标相比都有不同幅度的下降;2）从SBM模型测度结果来看,不同尺度耕地利用效率在研究期内都呈上升趋势且表现出明显的区域差异,其中,东北地区的年平均耕地利用效率最高,中部地区最低;3）全国和四大区域耕地利用效率的基尼系数都有不同幅度的降低,地区差距有所缓解,组内差异缩小是中国耕地利用效率地区差距缩小的主要来源;4）耕地资源禀赋、经济发展水平、科学技术发展和政府重视程度等是影响耕地利用效率差异的重要因素,但是在不同样本分组情况下,不同因素的影响方向和强度存在差异;5）除了在技术层面探寻耕地利用减排路径及合理规模外,还应该在制度和政策层面对碳排放进行规范和引导,实现耕地低碳、高效利用及社会经济绿色发展。     

CRITICAL ELEMENTS IN DESCRIBING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR NATION'S AQUATIC RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Despite spending $115 billion per year on environmental actions in the United States, we have only a limited ability to describe the effectiveness of these expenditures. Moreover, after decades of such investments, we cannot accurately describe status and trends in the nation's aquatic ecosystems or even those in specific regions. Why? This situation has arisen in part because we have excluded the fundamental principles of probability designs that are widely used in other fields and we have often ignored direct measures of biota, the subjects of greatest concern. To demonstrate the results of ignoring these powerful statistical and biological tools, we present four case studies. These studies compare estimates of aquatic resource status derived from using (1) a probability-based study design, often with biological measures of condition; and (2) a nonstatistical study design, often using chemical surrogates. In three of the four cases, the results derived from the nonstatistical perspective underestimate the degree of biological degradation.     

ADDITION OF SPURS TO STONE TOE PROTECTION FOR WARMWATER FISH HABITAT REHABILITATION1

ABSTRACT: Longitudinal stone toe is one of the most reliable and economically attractive approaches for stabilizing eroding banks in incised channels. However, aquatic habitat provided by stone toe is inferior to that provided by spur dikes. In order to test a design that combined features of stone toe and spurs, eleven stone spurs were placed perpendicular to 170 m of existing stone toe in Goodwin Creek, Mississippi, and willow posts were planted in the sandbar on the opposite bank. Response was evaluated by monitoring fish and habitats in the treated reach and an adjacent comparison reach (willow post planting and standard toe without spurs) for four years. Furthermore, physical habitats within the treated reach were compared with seven reaches protected with standard toe on a single date three years after construction. Overall results indicated that spur addition resulted in modest increases in baseflow stony bankline, water width and pool habitat availability, but had only local effects on depth. These relatively small changes in physical habitat were exaggerated seasonally by beaver dams that appeared during periods of prolonged low flow in late Summer and Autumn. Physical changes were accompanied by shifts in fish species composition away from a run-dwelling assemblage dominated by large numbers of cyprinids and immature centrarchids toward an assemblage containing fewer and larger centrarchids. Biological responses were at least partially due to the effects of temporary beaver dams.     

3 forest simulation model

The 3 forest simulation model is a process model of tree growth, carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a single-species, even-aged forest stand. It is based on the model. Major changes include the computation of sun angle and radiation as a function of latitude and day of the year, the closed-form integration of canopy production as a function of day and hour, the introduction of tree number, height, and diameter as separate state variables, and different growth strategies, mortalities, and resulting self-thinning as function of crowding competition.The tree/soil system is described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the state variables: tree number, base diameter, tree height, wood biomass, nitrogen in wood, leaf mass, fine root mass, fruit biomass, assimilate, carbon and nitrogen in litter, carbon and nitrogen in soil organic matter, and plant-available nitrogen. The model includes explicit formulations of all relevant ecophysiological processes such as: computation of radiation as a function of seasonal time, daytime and cloudiness, light attenuation in the canopy, and canopy photosynthesis as function of latitude, seasonal time, and daytime, respiration of all parts, assimilate allocation, increment formation, nitrogen fixation, mineralization, humification and leaching, forest management (thinning, felling, litter removal, fertilization etc.), temperature effects on respiration and decomposition, and environmental effects (pollution damage to photosynthesis, leaves, and fine roots). Only ecophysiological parameters which can be either directly measured or estimated with reasonable certainty are used. 3 is a generic process model which requires species- and site-specific parametrization. It can be applied to deciduous and coniferous forests under tropical, as well as temperate or boreal conditions.The paper presents a full documentation of the mathematical model as well as representative simulation results for spruce and acacia.     

区域生态经济规划编制导则

区域生态经济规划的编制及编制方法的研究，是当前国内外生态建设中的热点之一，不仅得到学术界的高度重视，也引起各国政府部门的关注。本文就如何编制区域生态经济规划进行了介绍，内容包括编制规划的指导思想、基本原则、规划目标的确定、规划应包括的内容以及编制规划的方法、技术路线和程序。文中还对规划编制过程中应注意的问题做了说明。