春季华东高山背景区域PM2.5和PM2.5~10中水溶性无机离子特征

为了探讨华东高山背景区域春季颗粒物中水溶性组分的特征,2014年3月至5月在国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站采集PM2.5及PM2.5~10样品,获取了水溶性无机离子组分,并同步收集气象因子及SO2、NO2、O3、PM10和PM2.5等污染物质量浓度数据.结果表明,春季武夷山背景点PM2.5和PM2.5~10中水溶性无机离子总浓度分别为(8.3±2.8)μg·m-3和(1.3±0.9)μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5和PM2.5~10质量浓度的(43.7±7.5)%和(24.4±6.4)%.SO2-4占PM2.5质量浓度百分比最高,为(32.4±6.3)%;NO-3占PM2.5~10质量浓度百分比最高,为(8.9±3.7)%.春季武夷山背景点硫酸盐主要存在于细颗粒物中,且以(NH4)2SO4和K2SO4的形式存在,粗颗粒中的硝酸盐则主要以Mg(NO3)2的形式存在.春季武夷山背景点水溶性无机离子主要来源于沙尘、海盐及高污染区域的远距离输送.     

IMPACTS OF URBAN LANDUSE ON MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Macroinvertebrates were used to assess the impact of urbanization on stream quality across a gradient of watershed imperviousness in 43 southeastern Wisconsin streams. The percentage of watershed connected imperviousness was chosen as the urbanization indicator to examine impact of urban land uses on macroinvertebrate communities. Most urban land uses were negatively correlated with the Shannon diversity index, percent of pollution intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera individuals, and generic richness. Nonurban land uses were positively correlated with these same metrics. The Hilsenhoff biotic index indicated that stream quality declined with increased urbanization. Functional feeding group metrics varied across a gradient of urbanization, suggesting changes in stream quality. Proportions of collectors and gatherers increased, while proportions of filterers, scrapers, and shredders decreased with increased watershed imperviousness. This study demonstrated that urbanization severely degraded stream macroinvertebrate communities, hence stream quality. Good stream quality existed where imperviousness was less than 8 percent, but less favorable assessments were inevitable where imperviousness exceeded 12 to 20 percent. Levels of imperviousness between 8 and 12 percent represented a threshold where minor increases in urbanization were associated with sharp declines in stream quality.     

长三角区域环境联合执法机制完善研究

开展跨区域联合执法是解决长三角跨界环境问题的重要途径。长三角区域环境联合执法的实质在于打破传统属地管辖模式,在一定程度上实现行政管辖权的共享。目前,长三角区域在建立区域合作机构、开展环境合作活动、统一环境执法依据等方面已经进行了积极探索,但依然存在执法主体不规范、执法权限不充分、执法依据不统一等问题。长三角区域环境联合执法所采取的横向府际协同模式以及统一执法与联合执法相结合的模式具有一定优势,需要在此基础上加以改进。未来需要规范联合执法队伍的组建,通过区域合作和中央批准的方式建立联合执法队伍并对执法主体进行明确授权,充分发挥现有机构的监督协调作用,以及通过分区域、分行业、分时段的方式逐渐统一执法依据。     

准东煤电煤化工产业带区域环境规划的探讨

昌吉州准东地区拥有丰富的煤炭资源,是新疆重要的能源战略储备基地。分析了准东地区资源和环境现状,探讨了产业带内区域环境规划,并就产业带内生态适宜区或非适宜区产业布局和注意的环境问题进行了研究。强调在该区域发展煤电产业时,必须调整思路,强化管理,发展循环经济,走可持续发展道路。     

区域环评中产业定位调整建议的探讨

本文以山东省两个经济开发区区域环评为例,分析了各开发区在资源和环境方面的优劣势条件,论证了各开发区规划产业定位的合理性,探讨了开发区产业定位合理性评价的指标体系、调整原则、思路、方法,提出了各开发区产业定位的调整建议,并论证了调整后产业定位的合理性,促进了开发区的可持续发展。     

区域集镇基准地价体系建立研究

以江苏六合县为例,对区域集镇基准地价体系建立方法进行了探讨。研究结果表明,先对集镇土地进行分等,然后以分等结果为控制对级差收益和市场交易地价进行对比和综合,是建立区域集镇基准地价体系的有效途径     

河南省18个城市大气污染物分布特征、区域来源和传输路径

河南省大气污染严重且与周边区域污染传输及交互影响明显,以2017年1、4、7和10月为研究对象,将河南省内18个地市的排放源分别标记,并应用于WRF-CMAQ溯源模型进行模拟.污染物分布结果表明,由于排放和气象的共同影响,河南省PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂浓度表现为冬季最高,夏季最低.O₃-8h浓度的季节变化则为夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低.不同季节间污染物浓度差距较大,河南省PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂冬季浓度平均值分别是夏季的4.17、4.12和6.24倍,而O₃-8h在夏季的浓度是冬季的2.24倍.由于PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂与一次排放关系密切且具有一定的同源性,这3种污染物的高值分布为北高南低,季节趋势较为一致.而O₃-8h季节分布差异较大,夏季气象条件有助于O₃的生成,O₃-8h高值主要分布于河南省东北区域;冬春秋季由于气象条件的抑制和NO_x的消耗O₃-8h高值主要分布在河南省的南部.传输结果表明,冬季省外传输和天然源对河南省PM_2.5、O₃-8h、NO₂和SO₂浓度的贡献率都是最大的,分别为36.20%~72.32%、77.96%~96.08%、49.45%~78.80%和59.05%~88.85%.在仅考虑本地排放和省内传输时,夏季河南省内各市的排放对本地4种污染物浓度的贡献率均为最高;春季省内传输对各市PM_2.5和O₃-8h浓度的贡献率较大,分别为25.63%~74.69%和30.21%~80.01%,冬季省内传输对各市NO₂和SO₂浓度的贡献率较大,分别为26.02%~76.96%和20.30%~82.34%.河南省内PM_2.5、NO₂和SO₂的传输路径相似,冬季多由北向南传输,春季多由西向东,西南向东北传输,夏季多由西南向东北传输,秋季多由北向南传输,但PM_2.5的传输更加复杂.而O₃-8h传输路径与其他3种较为不同,特别是在秋季O₃-8h由西南向东北的传输路径明显.     

Developing chemical signatures of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China

PM2:5 samples were collected in a regional sampling network with three sites in Hong Kong and four sites in the adjacent inland Pearl River Delta (PRD) or Guangdong Province during four months/seasons from 2002–2003. Trans-boundary transport between Hong Kong and the inland PRD is inevitable under the influence of Asian monsoon. In summer, Hong Kong serves as the upwind site of the inland PRD while during other seasons it is under the influence of continental emissions. Previous studies have recognized the importance of using chemical signatures to differentiate local vs. regional contributions to air pollutants in Hong Kong such as the CO/NOx ratio, ratios of different VOC species. In this study, detailed chemical speciation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with PM2:5 samples to identify new chemical signatures to distinguish aerosols in Hong Kong from those from the inland PRD. Since Hong Kong is not influenced by the continental emissions from the inland PRD during summer, comparison focused on chemical data obtained from this season for chemical signatures. The new ratios developed from the current study include LCPI/HCPI ratio of alkanes (0.39 0.02 in Hong Kong vs. 0.78 0.08 in the inland PRD), pyrene to benzo[ghi]perylene ratio (0.97 0.21 in Hong Kong compared to 0.20 0.06 in the inland PRD), and the ratio of 1,2-benzenedioic acid to 1,4-benzenedioic acid (1.8 0.1 in Hong Kong vs. 0.6 0.05 in the inland PRD). Results from this study also revealed that Hong Kong was impacted by ship emissions as reflected by substantially high V/Ni ratio (9 2) while this ratio was about 1–2 at all sites in the inland PRD, which is very close to typical ratios from residual oil combustion.     

基于生态环境安全的区域规划战略环评初探

围绕区域规划战略环评的地位、实施现状及主要存在问题,建立了基于生态环境安全的区域规划战略环评的指标体系,探讨了“环境库兹涅茨曲线”和“压力一状态一响应”的评价技术方法,对构筑产业生态链、强化不确定性分析、重视累积影响评价等方面提出了建议。     

青海湖流域土地利用/覆被变化研究

研究青海湖流域的土地利用/覆被变化,对识别流域人类活动特征和分析区域生态环境演化规律及其成因具有重要意义。文章以1977~2004年4期遥感影像数据为基础,采用土地利用转移矩阵、动态度、利用程度等方法,研究了青海湖流域1977年以来的土地利用变化特征及其空间分异规律。研究结果表明:①近年来流域内生态用地数量逐渐减少,其中水域面积净减少292.70km²;②对草地的开垦占用是流域增加耕地的主要来源,1977~2004年因湖泊水位下降而增加的沙地面积为103.22km²;③1977年以来,流域内除2000~2004年水域面积减少速率显著上升达0.71％外,其他主要类型土地面积变化速率不断减缓;④流域内沙地主要分布在海晏县(70％以上),90％的林地和95％以上的耕地均分布在刚察、共和两县,各县土地利用结构变化特征存在差异;⑤土地利用程度综合指数平均值为186.47,明显低于其他地区,说明人类活动对流域土地利用变化影响较小,区域生态环境问题的研究应当更加注重自然因素的驱动作用。