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In a stylized model of international trade, firms in the North indirectly export second-hand products to a representative firm in the South to be reused as intermediate goods, with potential trade gains. The level of reusability of waste products – or green design – is a crucial choice variable in the North. This is because, in the presence of imperfect international monitoring, non-reusable waste can be illegally mixed with reusable waste. I explore the driving forces for illegal waste movement, with a particular focus on local waste regulations such as the EU׳s Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment. Under mild conditions, it is shown that increasingly stringent regulations in the North can induce Northern firms to reduce product reusability. Consequently, the flow of non-reusable waste to the South increases, magnifying the pollution haven effect. 相似文献
114.
政府激励企业环境技术创新的初步研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文分析了环境技术创新对可持续发展战略实施的重要作用,企业创新活动与政府环保目标的关系及政府激励企业环境技术创新中的博弈环节等,提出了政府激励企业环境技术创新的对策建议。 相似文献
115.
Klaschka Ursula Kolossa-Gehring Marike 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):44-52
Goal, Scope and Background Fragrance preparations or perfumes are used in an increasing variety of applications, as for example washing, cleansing, personal
care products, consumer goods or in applications to modify indoor air. However, up to now, little is known to the general
or scientific public about their chemical identity and the use pattern of single substances, not even for high production
volume chemicals. Some toxicological data are published for a comparatively small number of substances with a focus on sensitisation
and dermal effects, while other effects are neglected. Information on ecotoxicity and environmental fate are rare, especially
for long-term exposure. Data for a detailed hazard and risk analysis are available in exceptional cases only. According to
the current legal situation, fragrance industry is self-regulated, which means that pre-market risk evaluation is not required
for most fragrances.
Odour and the ability to smell play a major role for wildlife for all taxonomic groups. Reproductive and social behaviour,
defence, communication and orientation depend on volatile compounds which can be identical to those used in fragrance preparations.
Our interdisciplinary approach leads to the question of whether and, if so, to what extent anthropogenic fragrances may influence
life and reproduction of organisms in the environment.
Main Features Information from literature on use, exposure and biological effects was combined to analyse the state of knowledge. Following
an overview of the amounts of fragrances used in different consumer products and their release into the environment, the roles
of odours in nature are shown for a selection of compounds. Existing regulation was analysed to describe the data basis for
environmental risk evaluation. Finally, recommendations for further action are derived from these findings.
Results Three main results were elaborated: First, fragrance substances are continuously discharged in large amounts into the environment,
especially via the waste water. Second, there are some indications of negative effects on human health or the environment,
although the data basis is very thin due to the self regulation of the fragrance industry and the regulatory situation of
fragrance substances. Third, many odoriferous substances used by man are identical to those which are signal substances of
environmental organisms at very low concentrations, thus giving rise to specific mode of actions in the ecosystem.
Recommendations For the adequate risk assessments of fragrances, test results on their unspecific as well as their specific effects as signal
substances are needed. This would imply prioritisation methods and development of useful test methods for specific endpoints
for appropriate risk assessments. Before a comprehensive testing and evaluation of results has been finished, a minimization
of exposure should be envisaged. Eco-labelling of products containing acceptable fragrance ingredients could be a first step
and provide consumers with the respective information. Transparency concerning the fragrance ingredients used and their biological
potency will help to build up confidence between producers and consumers.
Conclusions and Perspectives The interdisciplinary approach, bringing together chemical, biological, toxicological and ecotoxicological data with information
provided by manufacturers and with legal and consumer aspects, offers new insights into the field of fragrance substances
used in consumer products. The amounts and application fields of fragrance substances increases while fate and effects in
the environment are hardly known. The current legal situation is not suited to elucidate the effects of fragrances on human
health and the environment sufficiently, especially as it was shown that fragrances may play a considerable role in the ecosystem
on the behaviour of organisms. According to the precautionary principle, the lack of knowledge should best be tackled by reducing
exposure, especially for compounds such as fragrance substances where no ethical reasons object a substitution by less hazardous
chemicals.
ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Thomas Knacker (th-knacker@ect.de) 相似文献
116.
Shunsuke Managi Akira Hibiki Tetsuya Tsurumi 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2009,58(3):346-363
The literature on trade openness, economic development, and the environment is largely inconclusive about the environmental consequences of trade. This study treats trade and income as endogenous and estimates the overall impact of trade openness on environmental quality using the instrumental variables technique. We find that whether or not trade has a beneficial effect on the environment varies depending on the pollutant and the country. Trade is found to benefit the environment in OECD countries. It has detrimental effects, however, on sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in non-OECD countries, although it does lower biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) emissions in these countries. We also find the impact is large in the long term, after the dynamic adjustment process, although it is small in the short term. 相似文献
117.
孟凡明 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2004,14(4):115-116
互联网正在极大地改变人们的生活方式、生产方式及行为模式,要确保一个安全健康的网络环境为我们服务,需要从立法上加以保证。本文从我国网络立法的现状,存在的问题及立法时应注意的问题几个方面对我国的网络立法进行了探讨。 相似文献
118.
我国土壤修复行业现状及亟待解决的问题 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
摘 要:我国土壤污染形势严峻,在《土壤环境保护法》出台前的过渡期,政策、法规、标准都存在不确定性,尽管土壤修复技术门类众多,但适合中国国情且经济有效的技术路线尚未形成;指出现阶段我国土壤修复行业需要解决的五个问题,并提出了建议。 相似文献
119.
This paper uses the gravity model to examine the effect of environmental regulations on pork trade flows between different regions within China. We apply a linear programming tool to estimate pork trade flows from 2000 to 2008, and discuss the environmental acts on livestock pollution and income level to proxy environmental regulations. We use OLS regression and panel data with dummy variable in the cross-sectional GLS estimation. Our results indicate that the gap of environmental regulations between trade partners has a positive relationship with pork trade flows, and the difference in environmental regulations changes the traditional comparative advantage pattern to some extent. This paper provides convincing evidence for the pollution haven effect on livestock in China. 相似文献
120.
Michael R. Meador 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(2):253-263
Abstract: Relationships between nutrient concentrations and fish nutrient tolerance were assessed relative to established nutrient criteria. Fish community, nitrate plus nitrite (nitrate), and total phosphorus (TP) data were collected during summer low‐flow periods in 2003 and 2004 at stream sites along a nutrient‐enrichment gradient in an agricultural basin in Indiana and Ohio and an urban basin in the Atlanta, Georgia, area. Tolerance indicator values for nitrate and TP were assigned for each species and averaged separately for fish communities at each site (TIVo). Models were used to predict fish species expected to occur at a site under minimally disturbed conditions and average tolerance indicator values were determined for nitrate and TP separately for expected communities (TIVe). In both areas, tolerance scores (TIVo/TIVe) for nitrate increased significantly with increased nitrate concentrations whereas no significant relationships were detected between TP tolerance scores and TP concentrations. A 0% increase in the tolerance score (TIVo/TIVe = 1) for nitrate corresponded to a nitrate concentration of 0.19 mg/l (compared with a USEPA summer nitrate criterion of 0.17 mg/l) in the urban area and 0.31 mg/l (compared with a USEPA summer nitrate criterion of 0.86 mg/l) in the agricultural area. Fish nutrient tolerance values offer the ability to evaluate nutrient enrichment based on a quantitative approach that can provide insights into biologically relevant nutrient criteria. 相似文献