西辽河不同粒级沉积物对重金属镉的富集特征

为估算随泥沙颗粒迁移的重金属镉(Cd)的质量分数,采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对Cd的富集特征。结果表明,不同粒级沉积物对Cd的富集系数从大到小依次为黏粒(6.65)、粉粒(4.13)、细砂(0.92)、粗砂(0.90)。黏粒级沉积物对Cd属于重度富集,粉粒级沉积物对Cd属于中度富集。其原因有二:细粒级沉积物中腐殖质含量明显高于粗粒级;细粒级沉积物中稳结态腐殖质比例较高,稳结态腐殖质的腐殖酸组成以胡敏酸为主,胡敏酸在复合体表面形成了S-HA-Cd三元配合物,增加了黏土矿物表面吸附位。西辽河沉积物在汛期黏粒级和粉粒级冲泻质泥沙所携载的吸附态镉质量分数可分别按沉积物原样的6.65和4.13倍估算。     

核壳模型下黑碳的吸收对南京大气消光贡献研究

黑碳是气溶胶粒子中最重要的吸收性组分,对大气辐射过程、气候系统具有重要影响.理论上黑碳的光吸收能力除了与质量相关外,还与粒径分布、混合方式有关,由于黑碳粒子的不可溶性,核壳结构可能是含黑碳气溶胶粒子的重要存在形态.本研究利用2013年10月15日—11月13日的观测数据,结合κ-EC-米散射模型对核壳结构假设下的大气气溶胶的消光特性进行了定量分析,计算了核壳结构假设下气溶胶的吸收系数和吸收对消光的贡献,并对不同粒径段吸收系数随相对湿度增长的规律进行了分析.结果表明,观测期间吸收对消光的平均贡献在干态下为5.8%,而在环境相对湿度下只有3.4%,在所有粒径段消光系数随相对湿度都是显著增加的,而吸收系数的吸湿增长曲线与气溶胶粒径密切相关,小粒径段的吸收随相对湿度的增加而增加,而大粒径段的吸收随相对湿度的增加而减小,在不同粒径段的粒子综合作用下吸收随相对湿度变化不明显.     

600MW燃煤电厂痕量元素排放特性实验研究

使用USEPA Method 29方法对600MW燃煤电厂SCR、ESP和WFGD前后4个测点进行烟气痕量元素同时取样,研究了12种痕量元素（Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Ba、Pb）的排放特性.结果表明：整个电厂系统、锅炉、SCR、ESP和WFGD中痕量元素的质量平衡率都在可接受范围内,实验结果准确可靠.这12种痕量元素主要分布于ESP飞灰中,相对分布率为69.97%~98.79%.底渣中痕量元素的相对富集指数在0.04~0.51之间,ESP飞灰中痕量元素的相对富集系数在0.3~1.23之间.ESP飞灰中的As、Cd和Pb以及WFGD废水中的Mn、Co和Ni可能会对土壤和地下水产生污染,需要引起关注.12种痕量元素向大气中的排放浓度位于0.02~12.57μg/m³之间,排放因子位于的0.01~2.13g/10¹²J之间,Ni、As、Cd和Pb这4种元素的排放浓度分别达到2.04、0.13、0.02和3.35μg/m³,都远超欧盟空气质量标准中的排放限值,需要加以重视进行限制.     

太原冬季PM2.5影响霾污染的关键尺度谱特征

PM_(2.5)普遍被认为是导致霾形成的主要污染物之一.利用2016年11~12月在太原市人工降雨防雹办公室观测获得的气溶胶数谱资料、小店区气象站提供的气象要素资料以及小店区环境监测站提供的PM质量浓度资料,探讨了PM_(2.5)影响霾污染的关键尺度谱特征.结果表明,观测期间霾污染频发,且程度严重,重度霾占25.35%.相对湿度高于80%、风速小于1.5 m·s~(-1)是霾频繁发生的有利条件,特别是重霾;中度霾和轻度霾在相对湿度40%~80%、风速小于1.5 m·s~(-1)时也会频繁发生;轻微霾主要发生在相对湿度20%~40%,风速为1.25~2.55 m·s~(-1)时.霾天PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为209.45μg·m~(-3),是非霾天气的3倍,且随着霾等级增加,PM_(2.5)质量浓度和PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值不断增加.低湿环境下PM_1是影响霾的关键粒子;高湿环境下PM_(0.5)是影响轻微霾、轻度霾和中度霾的关键粒子,而影响重度霾的关键粒子则是PM_1.高湿环境下表面积浓度对能见度的贡献率下降,但是气溶胶吸湿增长增大了粒子尺度,导致消光效率因子增大,从而弥补了表面积浓度的不足;粒子尺度参数的增加是高湿时PM_(2.5)影响霾污染的重要因素.     

飞行器振动环境参数测量系统比对试验研究

目的验证飞行器振动环境参数测量系统的匹配性及协调性。方法设计考虑动态环境影响因素的振动环境参数测量系统的比对试验方案,开展灵敏度检测及不同量级工况下的试验,获取测量系统的振动加速度。对比试验控制输出、飞行器振动环境参数测量系统、地面参照系统的测量结果。结果振动环境参数测量系统除Y1通道外的测量结果与试验控制输出、地面参照系统的测量结果的误差均在5%以内,而Y1通道的误差最高为27.2%。通过分析可知Y1通道的误差是由于灵敏度设置问题导致的。结论比对试验能够验证测量系统的匹配性和协调性,通过试验分析能够得到飞行器振动环境参数测量系统的测量误差水平,为飞行器振动环境参数测量系统的应用提供了数据支撑。     

Comparative tests of reproductive skew in male primates: the roles of demographic factors and incomplete control

Reproductive skew models have been proposed as a unifying framework for understanding animal social systems, but few studies have investigated reproductive skew in a broad evolutionary context. We compiled data on the distribution of mating among males for 31 species of primates and calculated skew indices for each study. We analyzed the determinants of mating skew with phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate two models from reproductive skew theory, the concession model and the tug-of-war model. Mating skew decreased as the number of males increased in multimale groups, suggesting that monopolization of females becomes more difficult when there are more rivals, and therefore supporting the tug-of-war model. We predicted that single males are unable to monopolize receptive females as overlap in female receptivity increases (estrous synchrony) and, as a result, that mating skew decreases. However, we did not find any evidence for a link between female estrous synchrony and male mating skew. Finally, the concession model predicts high skew in male philopatric species relative to species in which males disperse, yet our measures of mating skew showed no significant associations with qualitative scores of male dispersal. More definitive tests of the concession model will require more quantitative measures of relatedness, which are presently unavailable for most primate species in our study. Overall, our results provide support for the tug-of-war model in primates, and the approach developed here can be applied to study comparative patterns of skew in other biological systems.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible to authorized users.     

Ranking of individual mountain birch trees in terms of leaf chemistry: seasonal and annual variation

Summary. The quality of tree leaves as food for herbivores changes rapidly especially during the spring and early summer. However, whether the quality of an individual tree in relation to other trees in the population changes during the growing season and between years is less clear. We studied the seasonal and annual stability of chemical and physical traits affecting leaf quality for herbivores. Rankings of trees in terms of the contents of two major groups of phenolics in their leaves, hydrolyzable tannins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), were very stable from the early spring to the end of the growing season. There were also strong positive within-season correlations in the levels of some other groups of phenolics in the leaves (kaempferol glycosides, myricetin glycosides and p-coumaroylquinic acid derivatives). The contents of individual sugars and the sum content of protein-bound amino acids showed patterns of seasonal consistency in mature leaves, but not in young developing leaves. The seasonal correlations in leaf water content and toughness were also strongest in mature leaves. The correlations between two years at corresponding times of the growing season were strongly positive for the major groups of phenolics throughout the season, but were more variable for the contents of proteins and some sugars. Leaf toughness and water content showed strong positive correlations in mature leaves. Despite the consistency of tree ranking in terms of leaf phenolics, the relative resistance status of trees may, however, change during a growing season because there was a negative correlation between the content of hydrolyzable tannins (early-season resistance compounds) in leaves early in the season and the content of proanthocyanidins (late-season resistance compounds) late in the season, and vice versa. Thus, assuming that phenolics affect herbivore preference and performance, different plants may suffer damage at different times of the growing season, and the overall variation between trees in the fitness consequences may be low. In addition, the adaptation of herbivorous insects to mountain birch foliage in general, as well as to specific tree individuals, may be constrained by variation in the relative resistance status of the trees.     

On ranked set sampling for multiple characteristics

We consider the selection of samples in ranked set sampling when several attributes of each sample are of interest. We describe approaches that have appeared previously in the literature and present a novel method that seeks to achieve samples that are nearly balanced with respect to the ranks of all attributes. This method is shown to result in very little loss of precision compared to problems in which only a single sample attribute is of interest.     

两种方法测定水中总铁的比对试验分析

用两种方法测定已知样,经比较1,10-二氮杂菲分光光度法比原子吸收分光光度法精密度更高、准确度更好.     

相对灰色关联度在城市污水处理工艺优选中的应用

通过对城市污水处理工艺评价指标的定量化处理,并根据奖优罚劣的原则对初始指标集进行[-1,1]区间线性规范化处理,确定理想最优方案(A )和理想最劣方案(A-),以此计算出各待选方案与它们的相关系数(ζ)。采用变异系数法计算各指标权重(ω),并计算各候选方案相对最优方案的灰色关联度,进而确定最佳方案。