基于稳定同位素示踪的流域颗粒有机物质来源辨析

为有效控制流域水质污染,保证饮用水水源的水质安全,通过采集和测定流域内土壤、植物以及河流断面水体悬浮颗粒有机质(POM)在枯水期和丰水期的碳、氮稳定同位素值和C/N比值,对石头口门水库汇水流域水体POM的来源进行研究.结果表明,水体中POM主要来源于土壤有机质,其贡献为69.2%,藻类等大型水生生物和浮游植物的贡献分别为23.1%和7.7%.流域水体中POM的来源存在时空差异.丰水期,浮游植物和藻类等大型水生植物的贡献均为15.4%,而枯水期后者的贡献提高到了30.8%.水体POM主要来源于双阳河和饮马河下游的土壤有机质,说明该区域土壤侵蚀较重,易发生非点源污染;岔路河和饮马河上游支流小黄河,水体POM以浮游植物的贡献占主导,其贡献分别为86.3%和94.8%,这些区域侵蚀较弱,非点源污染发生的风险小;大中型水库区域的POM主要由藻类等大型水生植物贡献,表明悬浮颗粒物在进入水库后可能发生了明显沉积.     

锡林河流域典型草原碳素生物小循环研究

应用生物地球化学分室方法研究了内蒙古锡林河流域2个典型草原群落——羊草草原和大针茅草原的碳素生物小循环,研究表明:①生长季禁牧的羊草草原植物分室碳素净固定量为165.50 gC.m-2,土壤分室碳素净排放量为174.36 gC.m-2,系统碳素净固定量为-8.86 gC.m-2,基本处于平衡状态,植物分室的碳输入和碳输出也近于平衡状态;②生长季禁牧的大针茅草原植物分室碳素固定量为130.04 gC.m-2,土壤分室碳素净排放量为128.28 gC.m-2,系统碳素净固定量为1.76 gC.m-2,基本处于平衡状态,植物分室的碳输入和碳输出在降水量大的年份以输入为主,在降水量小的年份近于平衡状态;③水热等生境条件较适宜的羊草草原碳素周转量比大针茅草原要大得多,水分是典型草原碳素循环量的主要影响因素。     

Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

Metal chlorides loaded on activated carbon to capture elemental mercury

Activated carbon (AC) was considered to be an effective sorbent to control mercury in combustion systems. However, its capture capacity was low and it required a high carbon-to-mercury mass ratio. AC loaded with catalyst showed a high elemental mercury (Hg0) capture capacity due to large surface area of AC and high oxidization ability of catalyst. In this study, several metal chlorides and metal oxides were used to promote the sorption capacity of AC. As a result, metal chlorides were better than metal oxides loaded on AC to remove gaseous mercury. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and specific surface area by Brunauer- Emmett-Teller method (BET) analysis showed the main mechanisms: first, AC had an enormous surface area for loading enough MClx; second, Cl and MxOy were generated during pyrogenation of MClx; finally, there were lots of active elements such as Cl and MxOy which could react with elemental mercury and convert it to mercury oxide and mercury chloride. The HgO and HgCl2 might be released from AC’s porous structure by thermo regeneration. A catalytic chemisorption mechanism predominates the sorption process of elemental mercury. As Co and Mn were valence variable metal elements, their catalytic effect on Hg0 oxidization may accelerate both oxidation and halogenation of Hg0. The sorbents loaded with metal chlorides possessed a synergistic function of catalytic effect of valence variable metal and chlorine oxidation.     

黄河不同粒径悬浮物中POC含量及输运特征研究

悬浮物(TSS)粒径与颗粒有机碳(POC)含量关系的研究,是河流POC形态变化及输送过程和输运通量研究的基础.本研究在沉降分级法基础上,结合激光粒度仪粒度测定和多元线性回归分析的数据处理方法,对2005-06-29黄河利津站、2005-09-27黄河口低盐度区以及2006年11月兰州、潼关、花园口各站TSS样品分析发现：黄河TSS中POC与其对应的中值粒径存在良好的负指数关系,POC的极限值为0.56%,普遍低于世界其它河流;黄河不同区段站位TSS性质不同使各样品相同粒级间POC存在明显的差异,黄河口站>花园口站>兰州站>潼关站>利津站,如<8 μm粒级TSS中POC依次是0.661%、 0.627%、 0.550%、 0.505%、 0.493%;黄河各粒级TSS所承载的POC量占样品POC总量的比例在不同区段各样品间极其相近,POC随TSS粒径增大显著递减, 80%以上的POC集中在<16 μm的TSS中,而粒径<32 μm的TSS承载了95%以上的POC.可见虽然黄河自西向东横跨5　000　km之多,落差达4　000　m以上,但POC的输运规律具有一致性,TSS粒径是控制POC输运特性的主要因素.     

Runoff and dissolved organic carbon loss from a paired-watershed study of three adjacent agricultural Watersheds

Organic matter plays several important roles in the biogeochemistry of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems including the mobilization and transport of nutrients and pollutants. Cropping, tillage practices and vegetative buffer strip installation affect losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). While many studies show reductions in pollutant export from agroecosystems where vegetative buffers have been implemented, buffer strips may be a source of DOC and contribute to surface water pollution. Using a paired-watershed approach, the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of grass and agroforestry buffers on runoff and DOC loss, compare runoff and DOC losses between the growing and fallow seasons, and investigate crop effects on runoff and DOC losses. The study design consisted of three small agricultural Watersheds in a no-till, maize-soybean rotation located in the claypan region of northeast Missouri, USA; one watershed was planted with grass buffer strips, one with agroforestry buffer strips, and one unaltered watershed served as the control. Runoff and DOC loss were measured during a six-year calibration period (1991–1997) prior to buffer installation and for a nine-year treatment period (1997–2006). The grass buffer strips significantly decreased runoff by 8.4% (p = 0.015) during the treatment period while the agroforestry buffer system exhibited no significant change in runoff (p = 0.207). Loss of DOC was not significantly affected by grass or agroforestry buffer installation (p = 0.535 and p = 0.246, respectively). Additionally, no significant difference in runoff or DOC loss was found between crops (maize and soybean) or between seasons (growing and fallow). Overall, this study indicates that grass buffer systems are effective at reducing runoff and that DOC contamination of surface waters is not exacerbated by either type of vegetative buffer strip.     

Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana

Sub-Saharan Africa is large and diverse with regions of food insecurity and high vulnerability to climate change. This project quantifies carbon stocks and fluxes in the humid forest zone of Ghana, as a part of an assessment in West Africa. The General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) was used to simulate the responses of natural and managed systems to projected scenarios of changes in climate, land use and cover, and nitrogen fertilization in the Assin district of Ghana. Model inputs included historical land use and cover data, historical climate records and projected climate changes, and national management inventories. Our results show that deforestation for crop production led to a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 33% from 1900 to 2000. The results also show that the trend of carbon emissions from cropland in the 20th century will continue through the 21st century and will be increased under the projected warming and drying scenarios. Nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural systems could offset SOC loss by 6% with 30 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and by 11% with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. To increase N fertilizer input would be one of the vital adaptive measures to ensure food security and maintain agricultural sustainability through the 21st century.     

Cover crop effects on nitrous oxide emission from a manure-treated Mollisol

Agriculture contributes 40–60% of the total annual N₂O emissions to the atmosphere. Development of management practices to reduce these emissions would have a significant impact on greenhouse gas levels. Non-leguminous cover crops are efficient scavengers of residual soil NO₃, thereby reducing leaching losses. However, the effect of a grass cover crop on N₂O emissions from soil receiving liquid swine manure has not been evaluated. This study investigated: (i) the temporal patterns of N₂O emissions following addition of swine manure slurry in a laboratory setting under fluctuating soil moisture regimes; (ii) assessed the potential of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop to decrease N₂O emissions under these conditions; and (iii) quantified field N₂O emissions in response to either spring applied urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) or different rates of fall-applied liquid swine manure, in the presence or absence of a rye/oat winter cover crop. Laboratory experiments investigating cover crop effects N₂O emissions were performed in a controlled environment chamber programmed for a 14 h light period, 18 °C day temperature, and 15 °C night temperature. Treatments with or without a living rye cover crop were treated with either: (i) no manure; (ii) a phosphorus-based manure application rate (low manure): or (iii) a nitrogen-based manure application rate (high manure). We observed a significant reduction in N₂O emissions in the presence of the rye cover crop. Field experiments were performed on a fine-loamy soil in Central Iowa from October 12, 2005 to October 2, 2006. We observed no significant effect of the cover crop on cumulative N₂O emissions in the field. The primary factor influencing N₂O emission was N application rate, regardless of form or timing. The response of N₂O emission to N additions was non-linear, with progressively more N₂O emitted with increasing N application. These results indicate that while cover crops have the potential to reduce N₂O emissions, N application rate may be the overriding factor.     

氯对模拟管壁生物膜的氧化特性研究

以载片上培养的大肠杆菌生物膜为对象,研究了氯对模拟管壁生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果,同时考察氯氧化生物膜后水中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、生物可利用磷(MAP)和细菌生长潜能(BRP)的变化情况.结果表明,氯可以有效灭活悬浮态的大肠杆菌,而对生物膜中的大肠杆菌的灭活效率远低于悬浮菌;在相同CT值下,较高浓度的氯对悬浮态和生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果要高于低浓度的氯.氯对生物膜的氧化作用会使生物膜中物质溶出,增加了水中AOC和MAP浓度,如当氯的浓度为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100 mg·min/L)时,水中AOC由20.78 μg/L增加到120.17 μg/L,MAP含量由0.11 μg/L增加到0.17 μg/L;氯的氧化作用会增加水的细菌生长潜能（BRP）,BRP随着CT值的增加而增加,如当氯投量为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100　mg·min/L)时,BRP可达到1.10×10⁷ CFU/mL.