激活我国环保产业发展的内在机制探讨

党的十八大提出了"美丽中国"的新理念,并把生态文明建设放在突出地位,节能环保受到社会各界的广泛关注。但是,目前我国环保产业还存在诸多的问题,突出表现为环保技术创新不足。文章从激活环保产业发展的内在机制的角度出发,分析了企业家精神、科研队伍建设以及资金投入对环保技术创新的影响,并在此基础上提出了相应的对策建议。     

Emergy evaluation of an integrated livestock wastewater treatment system

Wastewater treatment practices should pay more attention to their environmental performances due to their resources consumption and emissions’ impact. While reclaimed water reuse seems to have become a promising practice, is it always feasible in any condition? To address this issue, this study carried out an extended emergy evaluation of a holistic wastewater treatment system. On one hand, this method was extended to include the emissions’ impact. On the other hand, this study integrated a wastewater treatment plant, its excess sludge disposal system and treated water disposal system into an integrated wastewater treatment system (IWTS), so as to evaluate its performances more completely. And then several indicators, including cost per unit pollutant eliminated (CUPE), ratio of positive output (RPO), environmental load ratio (ELR), and sustainability index (SI), were proposed for evaluating the performances of an IWTS. Two scenarios (scenario A: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + treated water discharges; scenario B: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + reclaimed water reuse) for a livestock wastewater treatment plant in Sichuan Agricultural University located in Ya’an City in Southwest China, as cases, were researched. The results show that scenario B has lower positive output efficiency and greater environmental load than scenario A. Meanwhile, the reclaimed water reuse raises cost per unit pollutant eliminated compared with the treated water being discharged directly; emissions’ impact enhances the environmental load of the two scenarios to different degree; emissions’ impact has decisive effect on the sustainability of the two scenarios. These results mean that the reclaimed water reuse should not be advocated in this case. This study provides some policy implications: (1) wastewater treatment process should be comprehensively evaluated from its resources consumption and impact of emissions; (2) reclaimed water reuse should be carefully evaluated from its pros and cons simultaneously; (3) the local conditions should be considered when implementing reclaimed water reuse, such as local water body conditions, market demands, the related laws and regulations, corporations’ economic conditions, etc.     

基于CHNS的中国城乡居民的食品消费特征——兼与国家统计局数据对比

基于2011年我国12个省（直辖市）的中国健康与营养调查数据（China Health and Nutrition Survey, CHNS）,文章利用食物成分表重新估算我国城乡居民主要食品的消费量及在外消费特征,并与国家统计局公布的官方数据进行对比。结果显示：1）口粮方面,2011年我国居民平均消费口粮量为119.93 kg,外出消费比例为9.91%。2）肉蛋奶类方面,2011年我国人均肉类消费量（猪牛羊禽）为32.84 kg,其中,猪肉消费量占69.85%,禽肉消费量占20.98%,牛羊肉消费量偏低,为9.20%。我国居民平均还消费蛋类10.90 kg、奶类13.56 kg。3）我国城镇居民口粮消费明显低于农村居民,肉蛋奶消费量明显高于农村居民,但农村居民肉蛋奶在外消费的比例要高于城镇居民。4）国家统计局公布的肉蛋奶数据整体上偏低,农村消费数据的偏低程度尤为严重,重点体现在鲜蛋、水产品与鲜奶产品上。国家统计局公布的食品消费数据多与CHNS数据的家庭内部消费数据相吻合,其数据偏小的原因可能是由于缺失户外消费数据的统计。从消费数量上来看,预计今后我国居民口粮消费量的下降空间已经非常有限,但肉蛋奶消费水平仍有较大的抬升空间,农业的生产压力与畜牧饲料大量进口的局面将持续存在。     

淮河下游典型农村饮用水中苯并[a]芘含量与人群健康的关系

为了解淮安市淮河两岸农村居民饮用水中ρ〔B[a]P〕(苯并[a]芘浓度)与人群肿瘤发病死亡关系,选择淮安市沿淮河分布的盱眙、金湖、楚州三县(区)14个乡镇28个村,分别在丰、枯水期采集沟塘水、浅层井水、深层井水水样并测定ρ〔B[a]P〕,分析其与当地人群肿瘤发病死亡的关系. 结果表明:在159份水样中,有89.94%的水样检测到B[a]P,ρ〔B[a]P〕平均值为9.77 ng/L(95%CI,7.01～12.54 ng/L),水样超标率为25.78%. 丰水期不同水源超标率有统计学差异(χ2=10.15,P<0.01),其中沟塘水的ρ〔B[a]P〕最高. 虽然三县(区)肿瘤发病、死亡率及各区水样中的ρ〔B[a]P〕平均值有统计学差异,但不论是丰、枯水期,沟塘水、浅层井水和深层井水中的ρ〔B[a]P〕与人群肿瘤发病、死亡率之间却均未在统计学上有相关性. 淮安市淮河流域农村居民饮用水中ρ〔B[a]P〕有一定超标,但尚未证实其与当地肿瘤高发有相关性.      

Perception,knowledge and attitude towards environmental issues and management among residents of Al-Suwaiq Wilayat,Sultanate of Oman

The purpose of this study was to determine residents’ perception, knowledge and attitude towards environmental issues and management in the Al-Suwaiq Wilayat (administrative zone) of Al-Batinah North, Sultanate of Oman. For this purpose, a questionnaire was used with questions on issues related to environment and surveyed across 109 households in the Wilayat following a random sampling method in early 2015. The results show that education, health-related infrastructure and unemployment are ranked as most important issues for government attention today and in coming 10 years besides their concern for the environment. Resident’s perceptions on most important environmental issues were concerned about solid-waste pollution, degradation of coastal areas, saltwater intrusion and land degradation. The sources for environmental information, government agencies, local media and schools were regarded as most reliable. Top environmental priorities were suggested to deal with enforcement of regulations, provide effective environmental awareness and education programs. Further, it is suggested that additional studies should be conducted such as ‘State of Environment Reporting’, thereby such reporting, for instance would provide some form of verification of reported behaviour and improved knowledge.     

水分条件对中山杉406光合特性的影响

采用室内盆栽方式,以两年生落羽杉属杂交树种＂中山杉406＂（Taxodium‘Zhongshanshan 406’）为试验材料,设置对照、渍水和淹水3种处理,研究了水分条件对中山杉406叶片的叶绿体色素、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2摩尔分数（Ci）等光合特性的影响。结果表明,中山杉406的叶绿素a、叶绿素a＋b和类胡萝卜素质量分数随土壤水分增加而逐渐降低,但处理间均无显著差异。同样,不同处理间的Tr、Gs和Ci等光合参数无明显规律。光合-光强响应曲线表现出明显的光饱和限制。不同光强下,对照与淹水处理的中山杉406叶片净光合速率高于渍水处理,但处理间没有显著差异。而光饱和在对照处理显著（P〈0.05）高于渍水和淹水处理。在渍水和淹水下,中山杉406的光合特性没有发生明显变化,表明其具有良好的耐湿耐水特性,在湿地的恢复与构建方面有广阔的应用前景。     

树脂D001负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属脱溴2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的研究

采用大孔树脂D001交换吸附Pd2+、Fe2+并在厌氧条件下以硼氢化钠溶液还原吸附的钯铁离子制备成负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属树脂。利用该树脂对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)进行脱溴反应,探讨了该法的可行性和特性。结果表明:当大孔树脂D001、氯化钯、硫酸亚铁用量分别为0.75 g、2μg和0.2 g时所制备的双金属树脂脱溴水-乙醇溶液中的BDE-47效果最佳,反应遵循准一级动力学,速率常数k约为0.161 d-1,半减期为1.21 d。负载Pd/Fe的D001连续3次脱溴反应都有较好的效果,水-乙醇溶液中超过90%以上的BDE-47在反应6 d后被降解。负载Pd/Fe双金属的树脂可以重复活化再生,但再生2次后其脱溴效率变差,反应6 d只有47.3%的BDE-47被降解。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪跟踪Pd/Fe双金属树脂脱溴BDE-47反应,可知产物包括溴离子、三溴联苯醚、二溴联苯醚、一溴联苯醚和联苯醚。     

考虑人因可靠性的安全仪表功能SIL验证方法研究

油气站场一般设置有紧急停车系统（ESD）等存在操作员介入的非常规安全仪表功能（SIF）,为解决已有的安全完整性等级（SIL）评估方法不能针对此类SIF进行功能安全评价的情况。对存在操作员介入的非常规SIF进行研究,将其中的人为因素细分为观察、决策和执行3个阶段;根据各类人因可靠性分析方法优缺点,筛选CREAM和HCR方法分别分析紧急情景环境和应急响应时间对非常规SIF人因失效概率的影响,建立考虑人因可靠性的SIL验证模型;基于此模型选取某输油站典型SIF开展SIL评估,分析人因失效对SIF整体可靠性的影响水平,并提出改善措施。结果表明:将操作员应急响应过程中的人因失效概率引入传统的SIL验证模型中,可实现对非常规SIF的功能安全评价;人因失效对非常规SIF具有显著影响,筛选的人因可靠性模型可准确计算人因失效概率。     

我国113个城市大气颗粒物污染的健康经济学评价

搜集2006年我国113个主要城市的PM10年均浓度和当年我国城市居民的健康资料,评价大气PM10污染对我国113个主要城市的居民健康影响,并粗略估算了相关的健康经济损失.结果表明,2006年大气PM10污染对我国113个城市的居民造成了较大的健康损失,可引起29.97万例过早死亡,9.26万例慢性支气管炎,762.51万例内科门诊,16.59万例心血管疾病住院和8.90万例呼吸系统疾病住院.折算成货币,总归因健康经济损失为3414.03亿元,其中由过早死亡造成的损失占87.79%.     

Factors influencing NOx emission of a stationary diesel engine fuelled with crude rice bran oil methyl ester blend – Taguchi approach

The main objective of this work is to control the NO_x emission of a stationary diesel engine fuelled with crude rice bran oil methyl ester blend with less sacrifice on smoke density and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and also to investigate the factors influencing the objective. Fuel injection timing, percentage of exhaust gas recirculation and fuel injection pressure are chosen as the promising factors for the objective and NO_x emission, smoke density and BTE are considered as response variables. Tests were conducted as per Taguchi’s L₉ orthogonal array and the most influencing factor for each response variable and also the significance of each factor on the same was found out through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response graph was drawn for each response variable and from the results of response graph and ANOVA the optimum combination of the factor levels in achieving the objective was obtained and the same was confirmed experimentally.