石油加工与石油化工废料应用于钻井液

石油加工与石油化工废料，包括废白土、酸渣、碱渣、渣油、油泥、生产润滑油添加剂的废料、废催化剂、环烷酸釜残等，在钻井液中的用途较广，可以分别用作钻井液原始组分和润滑剂、消泡剂、多效防塌剂、抑制剂、稳定剂、废钻井液固化剂以及制备这些处理剂的基础材料。文中介绍了前苏联及独联体等在这方面的研究成果和现场应用情况。     

经济快速发展时期土地利用规划方案研究——以芜湖市为例

在经济快速发展的情况下,土地资源的合理有效利用成为土地利用规划的重点,规划中弹性方案的设计使土地供给需求紧张的局势得到相对缓解。以芜湖市土地利用规划的弹性方案设计为例,以期为土地利用规划决策者提供参考。     

新疆麻黄资源现状及其可持续利用对策

对新疆野生麻黄资源、人工种植麻黄现状进行了分析，探讨了造成麻黄资源分布面积减少和质量下降的原因。在深入分析新疆麻黄资源现状的基础上，提出了新疆麻黄资源可持续利用对策。     

粉煤灰综合利用的研究进展

从粉煤灰的来源入手,介绍了粉煤灰的化学组成和物质组成,对粉煤灰在污水处理、建材领域和材料学领域等方面的应用机理及国内的应用现状进行了概述,并对粉煤灰的应用进行了展望,用粉煤灰制作的绿色建材和建筑工程,粉煤灰填充材料发展的聚合物复合材料等方面必会有光明的前景.     

利用微生物菌群低温下提高沼气产气量试验研究

实验室筛选培养出厌氧水解细菌混合菌A和厌氧纤维素分解菌混合菌B。利用这两类厌氧发酵混合菌,研究了3种不同配方的混合菌对猪粪沼气发酵产气率的影响。3种配方的实验组的沼气产量分别比对照组提高28.08%、24.93%和32.95%。3种配方对原料TS(Total Solid)的利用率均有提高,TS利用率分别比对照提高9.42%、6.02%和11.78%。以上结果表明,实验室所筛选的厌氧水解细菌混合菌A和厌氧纤维素分解菌混合菌B,都有利于提高猪粪发酵的沼气产量、原料利用率,是一种极有开发前景的沼气发酵生物活性添加剂。     

UMIC厌氧处理结合工艺在养殖废水处理中的应用——以贵港扬翔大岭种猪场为例

针对猪养殖场废水的环境污染问题,以高效、节能与多层次综合为设计目标,本工程运用UMIC上升式多级内循环厌氧反应器为核心处理部件及厌氧氨化脱氮处理方法,对猪场粪污水采用"预处理-UMIC厌氧反应器-厌氧处理"的工艺路线。结果表明,经处理后粪污水中的化学需氧量、生化需氧量、固体悬浮物浓度、氨氮总量、总磷的含量分别为110、18、60、15、0.8mg/L,p H为7~7.5,水质优于《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596-2001);同时产生副产品得到利用,取得了较好的综合效益,对生猪养殖的废水处理产业具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

Bamboo charcoal enhances cellulase and urease activities during chicken manure composting: Roles of the bacterial community and metabolic functions

Microbial enzymes are crucial for material biotransformation during the composting process. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding bamboo charcoal (BC) (i.e., at 5%, 10%, and 20% corresponding to BC5, BC10, and BC20, respectively) on the enzyme activity levels during chicken manure composting. The results showed that BC10 could increase the cellulose and urease activities by 56% and 96%, respectively. The bacterial community structure in BC10 differed from those in the other treatments, and Luteivirga, Lactobacillus, Paenalcaligenes, Ulvibacter, Bacillus, Facklamia, Pelagibacterium, Sporosarcina, Cellvibrio, and Corynebacterium had the most important roles in composting. Compared with other treatments, BC10 significantly enhanced the average rates of degradation of carbohydrates (D-xylose (40%) and α-D-lactose (44%)) and amino acids (L-arginine (16%), L-asparagine (14%), and L-threonine (52%)). We also explored the associations among the bacterial community and their metabolic functions with the changes in the activities of enzymes. Network analysis demonstrated that BC10 altered the co-occurrence patterns of the bacterial communities, where Ulvibacter and class Bacilli were the keystone bacterial taxa with high capacities for degrading carbon source, and they were related to increases in the activities of cellulase and urease, respectively. The results obtained in this study may help to further enhance the efficiency of composting.     

硫酸、亚钠生产中烟气中水净化洗涤水的循环-硫化处理与综合利用

针对化工厂硫酸、亚硫酸钠生产过程中烟气中水净化系统存在的酸性废水未能利用问题,在净化洗涤水处理综合利用工业实验改进与完善的基础上,将净化洗涤水自身的水质特性、系统循环特点与经典硫化沉淀水处理技术应用有机结合,并形成循环-硫化沉淀酸水处理技术措施,克服烟气中水洗涤净化水处理过程中存在的沉淀分离不够稳定等问题,不但使酸性废水得到高效循环利用,而且使经除杂等处理后的含酸17%以上的酸水,作为补充水用于硫酸干吸系统浓酸的稀释;而且使酸水中所含有价金属酸泥经分步沉淀、分类分离回收后送至冶炼厂提炼,使硫酸烟气中水净化洗涤系统酸性废水得到综合利用并实现其净化酸水系统少排或零排放。     

环境约束下中国省际水资源两阶段效率及影响因素研究

本文把水资源利用系统分为水资源利用阶段和污染物处理阶段,在环境规制下采用考虑非期望产出的两阶段SBM模型,对2001—2014年中国31个省级行政区的水资源利用整体效率和各阶段效率进行测度,并利用空间自相关分析方法对中国各地区水资源利用整体效率的时空特征进行分析,然后运用考虑空间效应因素的空间滞后计量模型和空间误差计量模型从人均水资源量、工业用水量、生活用水量、人均GDP、对外开放程度、产业结构、技术进步等方面对各地区水资源利用整体效率的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:(1)整体上看水资源利用第一阶段效率明显高于第二阶段效率,而整体效率接近于第二阶段效率,第二阶段效率决定了水资源利用整体有效性。(2)通过各阶段投入产出冗余来看,水资源污染物产出过多和处理不足是导致第二阶段效率不高的原因。(3)水资源利用整体效率的空间自相关强度显著大于0,在空间上呈现集聚分布特征,东部沿海地区为H-H集聚类型,中部和西部为L-L集聚类型。(4)各地区水资源利用整体效率存在空间溢出效应,一个地区的整体效率不仅受本地区因素影响,还受临近地区整体效率的影响。(5)在考虑和不考虑空间效应的计量估计结果中,工业用水量对整体效率产生显著的负向影响,而人均GDP、对外开放程度对整体效率产生显著的正向影响。根据实证结果,得出以下结论:一是加强水资源污染物排放管理,增强污水处理能力;二是实现高效工业用水,减少工业用水量;三是发挥各地区水资源禀赋优势,加强区域合作,优化水资源区域配置,促进经济-环境协调可持续发展。     

Off-design performance analysis of a transcritical CO2 Rankine cycle with LNG as cold source

The transcritical CO₂ Rankine cycle with liquefied natural gas (LNG) as cold source is a promising power system to utilize mid- and low-temperature heat source. Most previous works focused on thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis or optimization for the system. In this article, an off-design performance analysis for the system is conducted. An off-design mathematical model for the system is established to examine the variation of system performance with the variations of heat source mass flow rate and temperature. A modified sliding pressure regulation control strategy, which regulates turbine inlet pressure to keep the temperature difference between heat source temperature and turbine inlet temperature constant, is applied to control the system when off-design conditions happen. The results show that when the mass flow rate or the temperature of heat source is less or lower than that of design condition, both the net power output of system and the system exergy efficiency decrease, whereas when they are more or higher than the values of design condition, the net power output of system increases but the system exergy efficiency still decreases. In addition, both CO₂ turbine and NG turbine could almost keep the designed efficiency values under the applied control strategy.