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441.
用马尔柯夫模型预测马尾松低效林改造恢复过程 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
运用马尔柯夫模型对四川盆地马尾松低效林改造恢复过程中林分各层次盖度、多样性指数和灌木层物种组成的变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明:马尔柯夫模型可适用于退化森林生态系统人工恢复重建过程的研究;四川盆地马尾松低效林可以自然恢复,但采用封育补植措施则能加快恢复进程.对马尔柯夫模型及预测结果进行了讨论. 相似文献
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Jungmann D Brust K Licht O Mählmann J Schmidt J Nagel R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2001,8(1):49-55
The potential hazard of chemicals on aquatic communities are generally evaluated by standardised single-species bioassays. Safety assessment is based on results gained from organisms adapted to lentic systems and biological interactions in ecosystems are neglected. While lotic communities are often at first in contact with chemicals, it is astonishing that microcosms with lentic communities are mainly used as a bridge between laboratory bioassays and outdoor aquatic systems. Hence, we established five artificial indoor streams to simulate abiotic factors of small rivers. The closed-circuit system was filled with nutrients added to tap water. Washed pebbles were used as sediment. The dynamics of a simple biocoenoses consisting of aufwuchs, Lumbriculus variegatus Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum was investigated. The dynamic of aufwuchs and periphyton was determined as dry weight and chlorophyll-a, respectively and qualitatively by pigment pattern. The abundance of different developmental stages of L. variegatus was determined at the end of the experiment as well as the population dynamics of G. fossarum and A. aquaticus. Survival rates of gammarids and juveniles per female were investigated and data were used for modelling the population dynamics. The experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of the established artificial streams and the developed approaches to investigate effects of chemicals on a basic lotic community. The prime reason to establish this approach was to close a gap between complex artificial stream systems and laboratory single species tests to assess the impact of chemicals on the aquatic environment. 相似文献
444.
The leakage of fluid leaving a puncture in a pressurized vessel immersed in a quiescent, miscible medium is studied under
steady flow conditions. This problem has engineering applications in submerged pipelines and hazardous gas lines. The leakage
rate for the puncture is characterized as functions of various hydrodynamic and geometric conditions. Dimensional analysis
shows that the leakage percent, Q*, is a function of the Reynolds number, the pressure ratio between the center of the tube and the external hydrostatic pressure,
P*, and the hole-to-main tube diameter ratio, D*. The effect of puncture shape is also examined, rectangular and circular. A 3-D finite volume computational model is constructed
for laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid under steady conditions and validated with supporting experiments. The results show
that the fractional leakage rate Q* increases with P* and approaches a constant value at high P* for a fixed Reynolds number. In addition, it is found that the leakage rate increases with decreasing Reynolds number at
a fixed pressure ratio. The geometric effect of the diameter ratio is shown to have a more pronounced effect near a pressure
ratio of two with more fluid exiting the puncture for larger diameter ratios. The results of the shape analysis show that
the circular puncture has the largest fractional leakage when compared to a rectangle with an equivalent cross-sectional area. 相似文献
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Based on a phenomenology that is rather frequent in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea), we analytically model the short time evolution of the temperature field inside a shallow layer of coastal water induced by a sudden offshore wind. In particular, we reproduce in a very simple way the unsteady surfacing of the isotherms forced by the marine current circulating in a vertical plane perpendicular to the coastline. The model is in agreement with the observations of a significant event recorded on 25 June, 2002 in the Gulf of Trieste. 相似文献
449.
Lúdvík Elíasson Stephen J. Turnovsky 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2004,48(3):1018
We introduce a renewable resource sector into an endogenous growth model of a small economy, deriving the transitional dynamic equilibrium. The model generates a long-run equilibrium in which a resource sector of limited size can coexist with constant ongoing growth elsewhere. The key feature of the model is the allocation of labor between harvesting the resource and its use in the final output sector. This naturally generates the empirically observed negative relationship between resource abundance and growth. We examine both the dynamic and long-run responses of the economy to various shocks pertaining to technological production conditions and resource sector parameters. 相似文献
450.
水体表面微层中酞酸酯的光降解研究 总被引:30,自引:0,他引:30
研究了水体表面微层中酞酸酯化合物光降解的动力学,指出光催化降解符合一级动力学过程,实验证明:催化剂TiO2为2g.l^-1,pH为6,并有H2O2存在时,是DBP,DEHP光降解的最佳条件,溶解氧增加有利于光降解,实际表面微层水样的光催化降解速率比模拟水样快。 相似文献