滨海湿地盐沼植被修复中的种子产品制作过程及其有效性

针对当前滨海湿地种子流在潮汐过程中种子有效沉降降低、土壤种子库分布不均、定植效率低和栖息地裸斑现象等关键问题,以黄河三角洲盐沼湿地的盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）为修复物种,研发一种应用于滨海湿地盐沼植被修复的固态种子产品,阐述固态种子产品的制作过程,并开展三种不同保水材料为核心材料（聚丙烯酰胺PAM,羟乙基纤维素HEC,羟丙基甲基纤维素HPMC）的种子产品的有效性研究。研究结果表明：（1）包装制作后的盐地碱蓬种子的吸水倍率和保水持续时间显著高于普通天然种子,表现出良好的吸水保水特性;（2）包装后的盐地碱蓬种子受盐度梯度变化的影响较小,表现出良好的耐盐抗性;（3）包装后的盐地碱蓬种子具有更高的萌发潜力,而不同保水材料的种子产品包装对盐地碱蓬种子萌发的促进作用表现为PAM>HPMC>HEC>天然种子;（4）包装后的盐地碱蓬种子具有更短的悬浮时间和较快的平均沉降速度,表明了种子产品增强了盐地碱蓬种子抵抗水动力干扰的潜力,其中以PAM为保水材料的种子产品可以直接、快速地沉降。本文首次将种子产品技术应用于滨海湿地盐沼植被修复中,为种子产品技术在退化滨海湿地的植被修复领域的应用与实践提供了理论基础。     

生物滴滤塔净化多组分废气的研究

通过生物滴滤塔(biotrickling filter,BTF)净化硫化氢(H2S)、四氢呋喃(THF)、二氯甲烷(DCM)混合废气,研究其挂膜启动和稳定运行条件下的降解性能.结果表明,混合废气H2S、THF、DCM浓度分别为200、100和100 mg·m-3,空床停留时间(empty bed retention time,EBRT)50～20 s的条件下,H2S和THF的去除率分别能够维持在99%和60%左右,而DCM的去除率随EBRT的缩短从90%逐渐降低至37%左右.利用Michaelis-Menten动力学模型分析得到,理论降解效果为H2S>THF>DCM.     

A systems perspective of managing error recovery and tactical re-planning of operating teams in safety critical domains

Introduction

Research in human error has provided useful tools for designing procedures, training, and intelligent interfaces that trap errors at an early stage. However, this “error prevention” policy may not be entirely successful because human errors will inevitably occur. This requires that the error management process (e.g., detection, diagnosis and correction) must also be supported. Research has focused almost exclusively on error detection; little is known about error recovery, especially in the context of safety critical systems. The aim of this paper is to develop a research framework that integrates error recovery strategies employed by experienced practitioners in handling their own errors.

Method and Results

A control theoretic model of human performance was used to integrate error recovery strategies assembled from reviews of the literature, analyses of near misses from aviation and command & control domains, and observations of abnormal situations training at air traffic control facilities. The method of system dynamics has been used to analyze and compare error recovery strategies in terms of patterns of interaction, system affordances, and types of recovery plans. System dynamics offer a promising basis for studying the nature of error recovery management in the context of team interactions and system characteristics.

Impact on industry

The proposed taxonomy of error recovery strategies can help human factors and safety experts to develop resilient system designs and training solutions for managing human errors in unforeseen situations; it may also help incident investigators to explore why people's actions and assessments were not corrected at the time.     

Enhancing the benefits of outdoor walking with cognitive engagement strategies

Being physically active in natural environments has been associated with improvements to physical health and mental well-being. Unfortunately, gaining access to outdoor settings that are supportive of both psychological well-being and year-round physical activity poses major challenges. Might altering how one engages in and interacts with the outdoor environment encouraging greater physical activity and enhance well-being? In order to investigate this approach, 117 adults were randomly assigned to one of two treatments - Standard Care (schedule setting, commitment) or Engagement (awareness plans) - and asked to take at least three, 30 minutes outdoor walks each week for two weeks. Participants in both treatment conditions reported significant increases in total time spent walking (p ≤ .05). Only those in the Engagement condition, however, experienced significant improvements in multiple dimensions of psychological well-being, including attentional functioning and feelings of frustration. In addition, participants in the engagement-based condition who walked at low to moderate levels were more likely to obtain psychological benefits. The results of this study suggest that promoting cognitive engagement with the environment may make it easier for individuals to achieve the psychological benefits typically associated with outdoor physical activity, even in settings that are less than ideal.     

Walking in “wild” and “tended” urban forests: The impact on psychological well-being

The positive effect of natural compared to urban environment on human restoration and well-being has been proved in various studies. To go one step further in analyzing the influence of physical environments, we question if this positive effect is consistent in different natural conditions namely wild and tended urban forests. In an experimental field setting, participants were randomly assigned to either a walk through wild or tended forests for 30 min. Multidimensional scales in a pre-post-treatment-setting measured well-being. Results indicate a stronger change in “positive affect” and “negative affect” in the tended forest condition. Well-being factors “activation” and “arousal” changed after solitary walks, too. However, there were no differences between the treatment conditions, indicating a stronger influence of physical activity than the forest condition wild and tended on these well-being factors. Perceived attractiveness of the natural area did not effect the change in well-being, thus questioning the close relation between perceived attractiveness and the effect on well-being suggested in prior research. Furthermore, more and less fatigued persons did not profit differently concerning well-being changes. The results give important advice to design natural areas serving restoration and public health, especially for people living in urban environments.     

数值模拟技术在二沉池设计中的应用

二沉池的运行状况对整个污水处理系统的处理效果有重要影响。沉淀池的处理效果与沉淀池内水流特性密切相关。传统的沉淀池设计基于理想沉淀池假设和静置沉淀实验,对沉淀池内的水流特性考虑不多,设计参数选择范围宽,经验性强,不能保证沉淀池内的泥水分离和浓缩效果。计算流体力学是一种较为成熟的数值模拟技术,已广泛应用于水处理构筑物在设计条件下的内部水流特性和行为的研究,为预测沉淀池的运行状况和结构改进的效果提供了有效手段。本文对沉淀池内的水流特性和流体力学在沉淀池研究中的应用进行了描述。     

A model for cost-benefit analysis of construction and demolition waste management throughout the waste chain

Economic instrument is indubitably perceived as effective for encouraging or forcing contractors to conduct environmentally friendly construction practices. Previous studies in relation to this topic mainly put emphasis on economic analysis of construction and demolition (C&D) waste management from a static point of view, which failed to consider its dynamics nature by integrating all essential activities throughout the waste chain. This paper is thus intended to highlight the dynamics and interrelationships of C&D waste management practices and analyze the cost-benefit of this process using a system dynamics approach. Data related to concrete and aggregate of a construction project in Shenzhen was collected for the application of the proposed model. The findings reveal that net benefits from conducting C&D waste management will occur, but a higher landfill charge will lead to a higher net benefit, as well as an earlier realization of the net benefit. In addition, the general public under a higher landfill charge will suffer from a higher environmental cost caused by illegal dumping. The simulation results also suggest that current regulation in Shenzhen should be promoted to facilitate a dramatic increase in net benefit from the implementation of C&D waste management. This research is of value in facilitating better understanding on the dynamics of C&D waste management activities throughout the waste chain, as well as providing a tool for simulating the cost-benefit of C&D waste management practices over the project duration.     

基于火灾动力学模拟的古建筑火灾探测器布置研究

为尽快发现和控制火灾,使古建筑的消防投资更经济有效,需进行试验研究。但古建筑不能进行现场试验,通过基于火灾动力学的场模拟软件FDS5.0,以山西圣母殿为例,建立物理模型,模拟火灾发生、发展过程,得出火灾烟气蔓延过程中浓度和温度随时间变化的不同分布。通过对模拟结果分析,对圣母殿中感烟和感温2种火灾探测器进行合理有效的布置,经过数据检验,在最短时间内报警系统有效报警。结果分析表明:不论着火点在建筑的什么位置,只要合理的设置和组合火灾探测设备,就能在第一时间发现火情。证明了软件模拟的方法对古建筑消防设施设置方式的可行性。     

茶园节肢动物群落数量动态研究

从群落生态学的角度对茶园节肢动物群落动态变化进行了初步探讨.通过对安徽省黄山市休宁县农家茶园的调查,获得了关于茶园节肢动物群落的组成、个体数量及其物种数等数据.结果表明,4-5月份茶园一般不需要进行施药防治,此时天敌种类和数量相对较多,对害虫起控制作用,这一时期应做好害虫测报和防治准备,为茶农防治茶园害虫提供科学方法.     

Impacts of Land‐Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds1

Schilling, Keith E., Thomas M. Isenhart, Jason A. Palmer, Calvin F. Wolter, and Jean Spooner, 2011. Impacts of Land‐Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):672‐686. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00533.x Abstract: Suspended sediment is a major water quality problem, yet few monitoring studies have been of sufficient scale and duration to assess the effectiveness of land‐use change or conservation practice implementation at a watershed scale. Daily discharge and suspended sediment export from two 5,000‐ha watersheds in central Iowa were monitored over a 10‐year period (water years 1996‐2005). In Walnut Creek watershed, a large portion of land was converted from row crop to native prairie, whereas in Squaw Creek land use remained predominantly row crop agriculture. Suspended sediment loads were similar in both watersheds, exhibiting flashy behavior typical of incised channels. Modeling suggested that expected total soil erosion in Walnut Creek should have been reduced 46% relative to Squaw Creek due to changes in land use, yet measured suspended sediment loads showed no significant differences. Stream mapping indicated that Walnut Creek had three times more eroding streambank lengths than did Squaw Creek suggesting that streambank erosion dominated sediment sources in Walnut Creek and sheet and rill sources dominated sediment sources in Squaw Creek. Our results demonstrate that an accounting of all sources of sediment erosion and delivery is needed to characterize sediment reductions in watershed projects combined with long‐term, intensive monitoring and modeling to account for possible lag times in the manifestation of the benefits of conservation practices on water quality.