Contaminants reduce the richness and evenness of marine communities: A review and meta-analysis

Biodiversity of marine ecosystems is integral to their stability and function and is threatened by anthropogenic processes. We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis of 216 studies to understand the effects of common contaminants upon diversity in various marine communities. The most common diversity measures were species richness, the Shannon-Wiener index (H′) and Pielou evenness (J). Largest effect sizes were observed for species richness, which tended to be the most sensitive index. Pollution was associated with marine communities containing fewer species or taxa than their pristine counterparts. Marine habitats did not vary in their susceptibility to contamination, rather a ∼40% reduction in richness occurred across all habitats. No class of contaminant was associated with significantly greater impacts on diversity than any other. Survey studies identified larger effects than laboratory or field experiments. Anthropogenic contamination is strongly associated with reductions in the species richness and evenness of marine habitats.     

Impact of neighbourhood land-cover in epiphytic lichen diversity: analysis of multiple factors working at different spatial scales

The objective of this work was to determine the impact of neighbourhood land-cover in epiphytic lichen diversity. We used geostatistics to analyse the spatial structure of lichen-indicators (number of lichen species and Lichen Diversity Value) and correlate them to land-cover considering different distances from the observed data. The results showed that lichen diversity was influenced by different environmental factors that act in the same territory but impact lichens at different distances from the source. The differences in the distance of influence of the several land-cover types seem to be related to the size of pollutants/particles that predominantly are dispersed by each land-cover type. We also showed that a local scale of analysis gives a deeper insight into the understanding of lichen richness and abundance in the region. This work highlighted the importance of a multiple spatial scale of analysis to deeply interpret the relation between lichen diversity and the underling environmental factors.     

物种丰富度格局研究进展

阐明了物种丰富度格局变化及其环境影响因子,并论述了目前研究较多的能量假说、地质历史过程假说、中域效应假说和Rapoport法则4种假说。这些假说对物种丰富度格局成因作出了一定解释,但针对不同的地理区域,其普适性尚需进一步研究。此外,对物种丰富度格局研究中常用的技术方法和影响格局分布的因素加以归纳总结,对我国未来物种丰富度格局研究进行展望,为制定区域生物物种资源保护战略提供参考。     

外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对植物多样性的影响

采用样方法调查了云南省和四川省5个受紫茎泽兰入侵的样地中草本植物和灌木的种类和数量,分析了其物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数.结果表明,5个样地采得本地植物87种,其中常见本地植物32种,隶属19科31属.紫茎泽兰入侵造成5种生境条件下物种丰富度指数下降显著或极显著.除样地d外,其他样地紫茎泽兰入侵的样方Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数下降显著或极显著.而紫茎泽兰入侵对Pielou均匀度指数的影响则没有表现出明显的规律.不同生境条件下,植物群落的季节变化有所不同,以一年生草本植物为主的群落,其多样性指数和均匀度指数下降趋势较以多年生草本植物和灌木为主的群落更为明显.     

氮添加和地下水位交互作用对通江湖泊湿生植物陌上菅生长的影响

研究地下水位变化和氮沉降对植物功能性状的影响,有助于揭示植物对环境变化的响应和适应规律.采用原位试验的方法,选择不同地下水位梯度〔低水位（-75 cm）、中水位（-69 cm）、高水位（-39 cm）〕和氮添加〔缺氮处理（430 g/m2）、空白对照（0 g/m2）、低氮（4.32 g/m2）、中氮（8.64 g/m2）、高氮（17.28 g/m2）〕（其中缺氮处理添加量以碳元素含量计,其余处理以氮元素含量计）,研究升金湖消落带湿地物种丰富度、陌上菅（Carex thunbergii）地上生物量和根系形态学指标对地下水位和氮添加的响应.结果表明:①双因素方差分析显示,地下水位主要影响物种丰富度、陌上菅地上生物量和根系形态学指标;氮添加主要影响土壤养分含量和陌上菅比根长、根比表面积及根组织密度;地下水位和氮添加的交互作用对陌上菅比根长和根平均直径影响显著（P < 0.05）;相对而言,水位对陌上菅的影响大于氮添加.②地下水位对陌上菅地上生物量和根系形态学指标有显著影响.地下水位升高会降低陌上菅地上生物量、根系比根长和根组织密度,同时增加其根平均直径和根比表面积,且不同处理间差异显著（P < 0.05）.在空白对照处理下,相比于低水位,高水位下陌上菅地上生物量、比根长和根组织密度分别降低了97.6%、46.1%、86.1%,根平均直径和根比表面积分别增加了326.1%、198.5%.③氮添加主要影响陌上菅根系形态学指标.随着施氮水平的增加,陌上菅比根长和根比表面积呈现先减后增的趋势,根组织密度呈现先增后减的趋势.在高水位条件下,相比于空白对照,低氮处理下陌上菅比根长和根比表面积分别减少了36.1%、41.8%,陌上菅根组织密度增加了182.4%,且差异显著（P < 0.05）.研究显示,地下水位升高与氮添加对陌上菅地上生物量和陌上菅比根长的影响呈相互抵消的态势,这体现了土壤水分增加对陌上菅生长的胁迫作用;水位升高和氮添加对根比表面积和根组织密度的影响表现为协同效应,揭示了在水位胁迫条件下陌上菅对养分获取策略的变化.      

中亚热带5种类型森林土壤微生物群落特征

采用PLFA(phospholipid fatty acids,磷脂脂肪酸)分析法研究江西省九连山国家级自然保护区杉木纯林、马尾松纯林、杉木阔叶混交林、马尾松阔叶混交林与天然常绿阔叶林的土壤微生物群落结构特征,探讨植被特征和土壤理化特征对土壤微生物群落的影响. 结果表明:①杉木阔叶混交林土壤细菌、放线菌和总微生物生物量最高,分别为7.77、1.74和18.21 nmol/g,而马尾松纯林均最低. ②针阔混交显著提高了土壤微生物生物量及其丰富度. 土壤微生物生物量及其丰富度均与土壤含水率、w(AN)(AN为有效氮)、w(TC)、w(TN)呈显著正相关(R为0.426~0.701),而与C/N〔w(TC)/w(TN)〕呈显著负相关(R分别为-0.447、-0.518). ③w(AN)对土壤微生物群落结构的解释率达55.8%. 尽管林下灌木、草本层生物量对土壤微生物生物量影响不大,但对微生物群落结构有一定影响,解释率分别为5.5%和6.3%. 灌草层丰富度与土壤微生物生物量及其丰富度呈显著正相关(R为0.369~0.452). 可见,阔叶树种和林下灌草层能够显著影响土壤微生物群落组成.      

新疆鸟类和哺乳动物物种丰富度空间异质性及其多尺度效应

基于新疆维吾尔自治区鸟类和哺乳动10km×10km物种空间分布数据及1km×1km土地利用数据,引入NDVI、海拔和地理纬度等辅助数据,分别对物种和土地利用数据进行尺度变换,计算分析了1～10km尺度下的景观指数,并进一步在生态系统层面进行尺度效应研究,以探究表征物种多样性空间异质性的合理尺度.结果表明:新疆总体的景观...     

“半个地球”愿景下的保护地识别——基于全球主要优先保护模块

设立保护地是保护生物多样性的最有效举措。“半个地球”愿景提出将50%的面积纳入保护地,并有效保护85%的物种,是全球生态保护的目标。IUCN保护地分类系统是国际通用的标准,一系列优先保护模块研究则对保护地的识别进行着探索。本文旨在通过对这些模块的保护目标、识别标准等进行分析,为保护地科学识别提供合理参考。主要结论如下:（1）物种、栖息地与人类活动是各模块的主要考虑要素,识别标准包括物种丰富度、生境转变率、人类活动强度等;（2）各模块对生境转变率的考虑有“亡羊补牢”和“未雨绸缪”两种思路,对人类活动强度的考虑有直接和间接之分;（3）各模块分布面积占比在5.77%~25.32%之间,总范围占全球陆表的55.59%,超过了“半个地球”愿景的目标比例。     

Early development of vegetation in restored dune plant microhabitats on a nourished beach at Ocean City, New Jersey

Topography and vegetation of restored dunes on a developed barrier island were examined after a large-scale beach nourishment project. Restoration began in 1993 using sand-trapping fences andAmmophila breviligulata Fern. plantings. Subsequent growth of dunes was favored by installing new fences and suspending beach raking to accommodate nesting birds. Plant species richness, percent cover of vegetation, and height ofA. breviligulata were sampled in 1999 on seven shore perpendicular transects in six dune microhabitats (backdune, primary crest, mid-foredune, swale, seaward-most fenced ridge, incipient dune on the backbeach). A total of 26 plant taxa were found at all seven sites. Richness and percent cover were greatest in the backdune and crest, especially in locations that predated the 1992 nourishment. Richness was greater where fences enhanced stabilization. Fences initially compensate for time and space and allow vegetation to develop rapidly, but maintenance nourishment is required to protect against wave erosion and ensure long-term viability of habitat. An expanded environmental gradient is an option, where beach nourishment provides space for a species-rich crest and backdune to develop, while the incipient dune remains dynamic. Options where space is restricted include a dynamic, full-sized seaward section of a naturally functioning dune (truncated gradient) or a spatially restricted sampler of a wider natural dune (compressed gradient) maintained using fences. Expanded and truncated gradients may become self-sustaining and provide examples of natural cycles of change. Compressed gradients provide greater species richness and flood protection for the available space, but habitats are vulnerable to erosion, and resident views may be impaired.     

北洛河流域植物多样性地理格局与环境关系

通过野外调查和历史文献及标本统计分析,确定并分析北洛河流域种子植物信息数据.结果表明：该区共有种子植物123科581属1671种,占黄土高原种子植物的83.67%、67.24%、51.83%,集中分布于大型科（>50种）、较大科（21~50种）和单种属（1种）、小型属（2~5种）内.11个干流流经的地理单元植物相似性聚类分为5组,较早分离的是黄龙县,最大类因子午岭山脉连接而包含4个地理单元（富县、合水县、宜君县、黄陵县）.富县、合水县和黄龙县植物丰富度SD值最高,洛川县、华池县和甘泉县SD值最低.该区地理成分在属级水平上有15个分布区类型16个变型,以温带分布及其变型为主（287属,占49.40%）,并与热带分布及其变型联系紧密（115属,占19.79%）,植物丰富度SD值与温带成分显著正相关;黄陵县、洛川县、黄龙县R/T值最高,热带性质最强,华池县、定边县R/T值最低,热带性质最弱.R/T值受海拔影响,随温度和降水从东南向西北递减.该区植物起源古老,分化程度高,物种多样性丰富,地理成分复杂,是重要的植物种质资源库.植物物种多样性地带性格局过渡性明显,体现出这些类群的生态位需求.需加强保护该区原生环境和植物,合理开发利用,可选择6大优势科（菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科、豆科、唇形科和毛茛科）中适地适树适草的物种（温带性质）,进行植被恢复和水土流失治理.