企业风险管理与经营效率：来自中国保险业的经验证据

本文从风险管理的视角对企业效率评估的数据包络分析技术进行了改进,探讨了风险管理与经营效率的内在关联,并以中国保险业为例,对1999年以来企业真实的经营效率水平进行了评估。结果表明：企业内部的风险管理能力对其经营效率水平的提升具有明显的影响,而且这种影响力正在逐渐加强。不考虑企业内部的风险管理水平将直接导致其经营效率的测算结果出现低估,2002年以后这种低估的程度越发明显,这可归因于同期保险企业开始逐渐重视提高自身的风险管理能力。以上结论也为企业如何在管控风险的同时提升经营效率水平提供了有价值的指导。     

HAZOP与LOPA结合的运用实践

通过将HAZOP与LOPA结合分析的具体事例,阐述了单一的HAZOP分析可能存在的缺陷,同时介绍了将HAZOP与LOPA结合进行HAZOPLOPA分析的优点。     

我国24个典型饮用水源地中14种酚类化合物浓度分布特征

研究了14种酚类化合物在我国五大流域(黄河、海河、辽河、长江、淮河)24个典型饮用水源地水源水中的浓度水平.结果显示:14种酚类化合物在我国饮用水源地中的浓度在nd～213 ng·L-1范围内,浓度均值在2.44～31.2 ng·L-1范围内,浓度中位数在nd～40.0 ng·L-1范围内.14种酚类化合物中,硝基苯酚类化合物浓度最高,浓度中位数为37.9 ng·L-1,浓度平均值为27.4 ng·L-1.其次为苯酚、五氯酚、二氯苯酚(2,4-二氯苯酚和2,6-二氯苯酚)和三氯苯酚(2,4,6-三氯苯酚和2,4,5-三氯苯酚);四氯苯酚(2,3,5,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,5-四氯苯酚)和烷基苯酚(邻甲基苯酚、间甲基苯酚和对甲基苯酚)浓度较低.通过商值法对14种酚类化合物进行生态风险评价后发现,14种酚类化合物的风险商均远小于1,表明其对我国饮用水源地的生态风险较低.对8种已报道健康参考剂量或致癌斜率因子的酚类化合物进行健康风险评价,结果显示,7种酚类化合物的最大非致癌风险在10-6到10-4范围内,2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的致癌风险在10-6量级以下,表明其健康危害较弱.     

考虑不同合作模式和多方奖惩的绿色信贷风险优化控制研究

绿色信贷风险的优化控制,有利于推动绿色信贷的稳定、可持续发展,实现环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的共赢。本研究将政府部门、环保部门、金融机构和企业的行为纳入同一个理论体系中,充分考虑影响参与主体最优努力水平和绿色信贷风险最优轨迹的环境因素、经济因素和社会因素。在此基础上,构建不同合作模式下的绿色信贷风险优化控制模型,分析不同情境下参与主体的努力水平,比较绿色信贷风险的最优轨迹,找出绿色信贷风险优化控制存在的问题及原因。研究结果表明：第一,四方合作模式对绿色信贷风险的优化控制具有明显的优势。第二,政府的参与能够有效带动其余合作者的积极性。第三,金融机构和企业之间,存在明显的利益共存和投入互动关系。第四,补贴和惩罚措施在合作过程中能够产生激励和约束作用,但在非合作模式下发挥的作用比较有限。第五,参与主体的协同水平越高,越有利于绿色信贷风险的优化控制。因此,需要灵活运用行政、经济或法律等多种干预手段,并对补贴用途进行考评和增强舆论监督,防止金融机构和企业将绿色补贴挪作他用。同时,建立符合国内绿色信贷发展特点的风险标准,统一绿色信贷风险的评判和管控依据。     

城市环境风险程度排序的模糊分析方法

首先,强调了加强我国城市环境风险程度排序的重要性,然后将城市环境风险系统分解为大气污染环境风险等5个子系统。在建立包含14个城市环境风险因素评价集的基础上,运用模糊集贴近度理论分别构建了城市风险程度排序中“最优序城市”、“中序城市”、“最劣序城市”3个数学模型,这将有利于防范城市环境风险,提高我国城市环境风险管理科学化水平。     

对中国综合风险管理机构体系建设的建议

在大量调研的基础上,分析了我国风险管理机构体系的现状和存在的问题,并以“统筹规划,专人负责,科学管理,共担风险”为原则,以梯形架构为理论基础,提出了对中国综合风险管理机构未来体系建设的一个建议,并对其进行了可行性分析。     

Selection of appropriate organic additives for enhancing Zn and Cd phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction is one of the most promising technologies to remove heavy metals from soil. The key of the technology is to choose suitable additives in combination with a suitable plant. In the present study, laboratory batch experiment of metal solubilization, cress seeds germination were undertaken to investigate the metal-mobilizing capability and the phytotoxicity of organic additives, including ethylene diamine triacetic acid （EDTA）, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glutamine and monosodium glutamate waste liquid （MGWL） from food industry. Experiments in pots were carried out to study the effects of the additives on Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Furthermore, a leaching experiment with lysimeter was performed to evaluate the environmental risks of additive-induced leaching to underground water. The results showed that EDTA had a strong mobilizing ability for Zn and Cd, followed by mixed reagent （MR） and MGWL. MGWL and acetic acid at 5 mmol equivalent per liter resulted in seed germination index less than 2%. Experiments in pots verified the phytotoxicity of acetic acid and MGWL. Addition of the mixed reagent at 6--10 mmol/kg significantly increased Zn phytoextraction by Thlaspi caerulescens. The same for EDTA and the mixed reagent at 10 mmol/kg by Sedum dfredii. But only mixed reagents could significantly increase Cd phytoextraction by the studied hyperaccumulators. This suggested that the strong chelant was not always the good agent to enhance phytoextraction. S. alfredii combined with 2--10 mmol/kg soil MR was preferred for phytoremediation of Cd/Zn contaminated soils in southern China, this could result in high phytoextraction of Cd/Zn and reduce the leaching risk to underground water than EDTA assisted phytoextration.     

Study on explosion risk of aluminum powder under different dispersions

This paper mainly studied the influence of particle size distribution on the explosion risk of aluminum powder under the span of large particle size distribution. The measurement was carried out with the 20 L explosion ball and the Hartmann tube. The statistical analysis was used to analyze the relevance between the parameters of explosion risk and the particle size parameters. Test results showed that with the increase of particle size, the sensitivity parameter increases and the intensity parameter deceleration decreases. The effect of particle size change on MEC and MIE of small particle size aluminum powder is relatively small but greater impact on Pm and (dP/dt)m. The small particle size components greatly increasing the sensitivity of the explosion and accelerating the rate of the explosion reaction; while the large particle size component contributes to the maximum explosion pressure. D_3,2 particle size dust determines the risk of aluminum powder explosion.     

土壤污染风险规制中的行政裁量研究

我国土壤污染风险规制在专家遴选标准、建设用地和农用地污染风险管控要求,以及风险管控措施等方面存在不同程度的行政裁量。社会理性和科学理性的缺失形成了土壤污染风险行政裁量困局。土壤污染信息制度中“适时公开”的规定使得公众缺乏必要污染信息,弱化其参与程度,导致对行政决定合法性的质疑。此外,土壤污染风险管控标准中专家遴选标准和论证规则的欠缺导致土壤污染风险规制科学理性的缺失。为此,需要建构关照事实和规范的协商式行政裁量模式,强调公众的实质性参与以弥合技术理性和公众理性的鸿沟。同时,在程序上确定专家遴选标准和风险管控标准的论证规则以保证土壤污染风险管控的科学性和客观性。在不妨碍行政裁量权灵活性和能动性的前提下,规范行政裁量权的行使,控制行政裁量权的滥用。     

Utilization of MSWI fly ash as partial cement or sand substitute with focus on cementing efficiency and health risk assessment

• Washed MSWI fly ash was used as partial cement or sand substitute. • Sand replacing is beneficial for strength, while cement replacement reduces strength. • Cementing efficiency factor and mortar pore structure explain the strength results. • Health risk assessment was conducted for MSWI fly ash blended cement mortar. • CR and HI contributed by different exposures and heavy metals were analyzed. The strength of cement substituted mortar decreases with the increase in fly ash amount, whereas the strength increases when the fly ash is blended as sand substitute. A mortar with highest strength (compressive strength= 30.2 Mpa; flexural strength= 7.0 Mpa) was obtained when the sand replacement ratio was 0.75%. The k value (cementing efficiency) of fly ash varied between 0.36 and 0.15 for the fly ash fraction in binder between 5% and 25%. The k values of fly ash used for sand replacement were all significantly above that used for cement substitution. The macropores assigned to the gaps between particles decreased when the fly ash was used as sand replacement, providing an explanation for the strength enhancement. The waste-extraction procedure (toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method (HJ/T 299-2007)) was used to evaluate metal leaching, indicating the reuse possibility of fly ash blended mortar. For the mortar with the mass ratio of fly ash to binder of 0.5%, the carcinogenic risks (CR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) in sensitive scenario for blended mortar utilization were 9.66 × 10^-7 and 0.06, respectively; these results were both lower than the threshold values, showing an acceptable health risk. The CR (9.89 × 10^-5) and HQ (3.89) of the non-sensitive scenario for fly ash treatment exceeded the acceptable threshold values, indicating health risks to onsite workers. The main contributor to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk is Cr and Cd, respectively. The CR and HQ from inhalation was the main route of heavy metal exposure.