PLANNING LEVEL ESTIMATES OF THE VALUE OF RESERVOIRS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND FLOW AUGMENTATION IN NEW HAMPSHIRE1

: In general, the choice among reservoirs for water supply or flow augmentation is a multiobjective problem. Choices are based in part on the yield available from water supply reservoirs or, in the case of flow augmentation reservoirs, on the increase in low flows at downstream locations. Detailed estimates of these effects may be too costly for basin planning purposes. Thus this paper presents methods for rapid estimation of those quantities for New Hampshire. For water supply reservoirs, a composite empirical relation between Y95 (the draft available 95 percent of the time) and storage ratio, S*, is developed from previous studies in the region. For flow augmentation reservoirs, empirical relations between S* and degree of regulation, R*, are applied to each upstream regulating reservoir. Values of regulation arc then summed and divided by the mean flow at the downstream reach of interest. This parameter, (ΓR)*, is then related to increase in flow available 95 percent of the time by an empirical relation.     

INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTES: A CASE STUDY OF INDIA1

ABSTRACT: During the last 27 years of independence, a large number of inter-state water disputes cropped up over the use of rivers. Surprisingly enough, more disputes developed in this short period than in the earlier 200 years of the development of irrigation and so far none of the disputes has been permanently solved. The major rivers of India are all inter-state rivers and this is one of the more important reasons why some of them are not yet fully developed for irrigation or power production. The Union Government has set up, so far, only three tribunals to adjudicate inter-state disputes. But the problems do not end simply by setting up the tribunals. In practice, it has also proved a dilatory process. None of the tribunals has been successful in settling any dispute in the long years of their existence. There is no codified law prescribing rights and the notion of “equity” has come to prevail restraining the upper states from drawing such quantities of water as would injure the interests of the lower states. Though the general principle of equitable apportionment had been advocated many times, in practice each contending state had given this principle an interpretation that suited it. The basic principle would be to harness the rivers not for the benefit of a particular state but for the maximization of agricultural, industrial, and navigational potential in the areas served by the rivers.     

Rehabilitation of a lowland river: Reconciling flood defence with habitat diversity and geomorphological sustainability

Geomorphologically appropriate rehabilitation measures were proposed to enhance the in-stream environment of the lowland River Idle, north Nottinghamshire, UK. However, the River Idle has multi-functional management requirements including those of flood defence so environmental enhancement must be pursued without significantly increasing the flood risk. Hydraulic testing of rehabilitation proposals is complicated because of the stringent assumptions about flow and morphology in ‘traditional’ hydraulic models. While new generation two- and three-dimension hydraulic models may overcome some of these problems, they are extremely data intensive, require advanced modelling capabilities and are, therefore, very expensive to apply. Also, they do not yet predict morphology-flow interactions adequately. As an alternative, several simple hydraulic models were applied to test the rehabilitation proposals, based on a fitness-for-purpose criterion.BENDFLOW was applied to fine tune the optimal siting of measures and to estimate the additional near-bank scour generated by proposed bend re-profiling. HMODEL2 and the FCFA method were used to test the impact on local channel conveyance capacities and HECRAS was applied to simulate the impact of the proposals on regional flood defence. Indicative results from the testing suggested a maximum increase in near-bank scour of 0·15 m in re-profiled bends, a loss of approximately 10% in flood conveyance locally due to deflector installation or reed and tree planting, and a 0·12 m increase in flood stage within the reach for a 15 year flood. The modelling results were acceptable to the management authority as an indication of an acceptable compromise between flood defence and conservation interests, and construction of the measures followed in 1996. It is clearly that it will require the results of post-project monitoring to indicate whether compromises made to the rehabilitation initiatives in order to satisfy flood defence requirements have unduly reduced their environmental enhancement potential but, for assessing the proposed methods, the models are recommended for use other lowland river environments.     

邯郸市沁河水污染治理方案

本文对邯郸市沁河水污染现状进行了调查分析，总结了城市内河治理经验，通过方案比较，推荐“清淤，护坡，建坝，分质截污，邯钢废水混凝沉淀处理”为沁河治理方案。     

海河流域河流富营养化程度总体评估

以海河流域2009年地表水水质现状数据为基础,分别运用河流水体富营养化潜势和浮游植物表征河流富营养化水平.结果显示,流域河流水体中富营养盐含量相对较高,河流水体中TN、NH3-N平均含量分别为8.13、4.34 mg·L-1,分别超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅴ类限值(2 mg·L-1)4倍、2倍以上.北三河水系(北运河、潮白河、蓟运河)、子牙河水系和海河干流中TN浓度超过9 mg·L-1;海河流域河流水体中TP平均含量为0.87 mg·L-1,超过地表水Ⅴ类限值(0.4 mg·L-1)2倍以上.北三河水系、子牙河水系和黑龙港运东水系水中TP平均含量均超过1.0 mg·L-1.主要河流3%处于中或贫营养,44%处于极富营养化水平,主要分布在北三河水系、子牙河水系和漳卫河水系,表明流域河流总体呈现富营养化状态,平原段河流富营养化严重.河流治理要兼顾耗氧污染控制和营养盐控制,以改善河流水质.     

基于水域面积法的山区河流水电站下游生态流量定值研究

水电站的大量兴建导致下游河道萎缩退化甚至断流,如何改变水电站运行调度方式,维持下游河道一定的生态流量、保障河流健康成为国内外普遍关注的问题.本文在传统水文学方法的基础上融入生物栖息地法思想,以河流生态系统的生物多样性为功能目标,用河道流量反映河流的水文过程,河道水域面积反映河流生态系统的生物多样性,创新性地提出考虑河道水文生态特性的生态流量定值方法——水域面积法.以北江上游浈江二级支流罗坝水为例进行分析计算.计算结果表明:枯水年罗坝水生态流量为2.26 m3·s-1,占多年平均流量的25.97%;平水年生态流量分月控制,生态流量过程与建站前流量过程基本一致.根据枯水年的生态流量值和平水年各月份的生态流量值,结合水电站的运行调度规则,换算成一定时期内的径流量来确定该时期内水电站需释放的水量,进而对水电站下游河道的生态功能进行保护和修复.     

亚热带城市河流生态河岸的研究

随着生活水平的提高,城市河流生态河岸日益受到重视.从城市河流河岸的现状分析,到国内外城市河流生态河岸的研究,包括城市河流生态河岸的规划与实践,较为全面的体现了城市河流生态河岸的结构与功能,并提供了亚热带城市河流生态河岸的研究案例,基于亚热带的气候条件及研究基础,为亚热带城市河流生态河岸进一步研究提供参考.     

河流氧化亚氮产生和排放研究综述

氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的重要温室气体.由于人类活动对土地的影响导致河流系统中氮的可利用性增加,河流生态系统的N2O排放量正日益增长.本文对国内外河流水体N2O溶存浓度和饱和度、水-气界面排放通量及沉积物-水界面交换通量等数据进行了收集,并总结和分析了河流生态系统中N2O的产生机制及主要影响因子.     

泛长江三角洲地区经济发展与生态环境耦合协调关系分析

以泛长三角地区41个地级市以上的政区为例,运用改进熵值法计算经济发展及生态环境系统的综合得分,并运用耦合协调模型分析1999~2013年两系统的耦合协调度及其演变,最后通过经济发展与生态环境系统得分排名划分4种类型,提出未来泛长江三角洲经济发展分类指导建议。研究结果表明:(1)1999~2013年泛长三角地区经济发展与生态环境的耦合度C∈[0.5,0.8],整体位于磨合阶段;而系统协调度D∈[0.3,0.5],整体属于中度耦合协调;(2)1999~2013年泛长三角经济发展与生态环境系统耦合协调度呈现上升态势,但经济发展与生态环境系统综合评价值仍表现负相关的特征;(3)未来苏南地区、皖江地区、杭甬地区需要进一步调整产业分布结构,提升城市经济发展环境;而苏北地区、皖西地区、浙西南地区需要进一步增加城市经济发展的软、硬实力各种要素的投入,并将城市生态环境优势转化为经济增长优势。     

岷江上游水电开发特点及其空间格局分析

研究流域的水电开发类型与空间格局,可为水库群的累积环境影响评价、流域水电优化布局等提供科学参考。在流域分割的基础上,对岷江上游水电站的基本类型、水电站的空间分布格局进行了全面分析,并构建水电开发率、水电开发密度和水电开发强度3个指标对流域水电开发程度作出综合评价。结果表明岷江上游流域水电站类型以高水头低闸坝的引水式小水电为主,高坝大库相对较少。梯级水电开发已拓展至岷江三级支流,汶川—都江堰河段是干流水电开发程度最高的河段,杂谷脑河是水电开发程度最高的一级支流流域。岷江上游流域的水电开发率远高于全国平均水平,梯级水电开发密度大于国内主要河流。农村小水电占水电站总数的82%,梯级农村小水电对生态环境的累积影响是将来值得深入探讨的问题。