STOCHASTIC WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS USING RELIABILITY METHOD1

ABSTRACT: This study developed a QUAL2E‐Reliability Analysis (QUAL2E‐RA) model for the stochastic water quality analysis of the downstream reach of the main Han River in Korea. The proposed model is based on the QUAL2E model and incorporates the Advanced First‐Order Second‐Moment (AFOSM) and Mean‐Value First‐Order Second‐Moment (MFOSM) methods. After the hydraulic characteristics from standard step method are identified, the optimal reaction coefficients are then estimated using the Broyden‐Fletcher‐Goldfarb‐Shanno (BFGS) method. Considering variations in river discharges, pollutant loads from tributaries, and reaction coefficients, the violation probabilities of existing water quality standards at several locations in the river were computed from the AFOSM and MFOSM methods, and the results were compared with those from the Monte Carlo method. The statistics of the three uncertainty analysis methods show that the outputs from the AFOSM and MFOSM methods are similar to those from the Monte Carlo method. From a practical model selection perspective, the MFOSM method is more attractive in terms of its computational simplicity and execution time.     

An experimental study of soil conservation using herbaceous plants in Majuli Island, Assam, India

A model experiment on soil conservation utilising the plantation of certain herbaceous plants in a selected stretch of Majuli, the largest riverine island in the world, was carried out. The plantation followed work to establish the proper inclination for the river bank. The soil erosion in the experimental site was reduced to only about 2% compared with about 15–20% in the previous years. All the four species selected for the present study had excellent soil binding capacity and were thus helpful in stabilizing the highly vulnerable soil in the flood plain areas of the region.     

金矿废水中氰化物的自然降解及其环境影响

某金矿废水氰化物在尾矿坝、环保坝及河流中的自然降解规律可以用负指数方程描述 .废水进入河流 A、河流 C后浓度降低的主导因素是河水的稀释作用 .通过计算研究 ,该金矿废水氰化物基本不对国际河流 F造成影响 .控制该金矿废水对 A、C2河污染的有效途径是增加循环用水量、降低环保坝水位以便减少废水渗水量 .     

氮磷在阶式水生植物床中的去除效果及组成变化

利用串联运行的阶式水生植物床净化富营养化河水。考察了不同形态的氮磷在处理前后的浓度变化,在此基础上阐述水生植物床去除富营养化水体中氮磷的过程与机理。在水力负荷为74cm/d的条件下,总磷和总氮的去除率分别达73.1%和64.5%。植物根系对悬浮物的截留对去除河水中的氮磷起关键作用。采用多级串联的运行方式能有效克服一般湿地运行一段时间后因沉积物释放作用而引起处理水溶解性营养盐浓度上升的难题。     

人工快速渗滤系统的工程应用

通过工程实例讨论了人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)的工艺过程和处理效果,结果除总磷外,处理生活污水其出水CODCr为5. 0～2 6 . 0mg L ,SS为1 .7～10. 0mg L ,NH3 N为0 . 30～2 .31mg L ;处理受污染的河流水时,其出水CODCr为8. 0～2 6 . 0mg L ,BOD5为1. 0～6 . 0mg L ,SS为2. 0～6 .0mg L ,NH3 N为0 . 17～2. 5 4mg L ,均能达到相应的处理要求,是值得推广的一项新型处理工艺。     

环渤海湾诸河口潜在生态风险评价

简要介绍了Hak■nson的生态风险指数法,并用该法对环渤海湾诸河口采集的19处底泥样品分析了汞、砷、铜、锌和铅对水域的污染程度及其对水域造成的潜在生态风险影响.结果表明,除海河口污染程度和潜在生态风险略高外,环渤海湾其他河口重金属及砷污染程度及其对水域造成的潜在生态风险较低.从环渤海湾诸河口总的污染程度看,各污染物对生态风险影响程度从大到小的顺序为:Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn.      

珠江广州河段局部水体溶解氧低的主要原因分析

珠江广州河段10多a来的水质监测数据表明,BOD₅不高,但DO较低.这种特征至今仍未改变,甚至发展到局部水质出现发黑发臭的现象.文章从污染物耗氧、污染物降解能力、水体氧平衡和水文条件等方面剖析这种水质污染的原因.      

Water quality assessment of Ogun river, South West Nigeria

The quality of Ogun river in South-West, Nigeria was studied by a field survey for a period of 1 year (covering dry season and rainy season). Water samples were collected from thirteen sites and analysed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters as well as heavy metals using standard methods. Generally, the values obtained for turbidity, phosphate, oil and grease, iron and faecal coliform from all the sites in both seasons were above the maximum acceptable limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Also, the manganese content from all the sites in the dry season, lead concentrations from three sites in the dry season and cadmium concentrations from some sites in both seasons were above the WHO limit. The values obtained for total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and chloride at site M in the dry season and nitrate at site J in the rainy season were also above the WHO limit. Pollution of Ogun river water along its course is evidenced by the high concentrations of pollution indicators, nutrients and trace metals above the acceptable limit. This poses a health risk to several rural communities who rely on the river primarily as their source of domestic water. The study showed a need for continuous pollution monitoring programme of surface waters in Nigeria.     

Evaluation of Point and Diffuse Sources of Nutrients in a River Basin on Base of Monitoring Data

The methodology of materials accounting is presented and applied to developing nutrient balance (nitrogen and phosphorus) in a river basin. The method is based on the balance principle: inputs and outputs of each nitrogen and phosphorus related sub-systems were balanced. The application of the methodology strategies was illustrated by means of a case study of the Krka river, Slovenia. Different pathways of emission to surface waters were taken into account: WWTP discharges, direct discharges, erosion/runoff and baseflow. Total annual emission into the river Krka was estimated to be 362 tonnes N/year and 73.3 tonnes P/year. The main sources of nitrogen are diffuse sources, emitted via baseflow (52%). Other important sources are effluents from WWTP, which account for 36% of total emissions. Other sources like erosion and direct discharges to surface water (animal manure, industry, households) are of lower magnitude. Erosion is main source of phosphorus emission (55% of total emission), WWTP effluents account for 37% of total emission, while other sources are less important. Besides reduction of point sources by means of wastewater collection and implementation of nutrient removal technology, managing agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus to protect water quality should become a major challenge in the Krka river basin.     

Investigation of heavy metal contaminations in the lower Sakarya river water and sediments

In this work, water and sediment samples were collected from three different stations located along the Sakarya river between May and September 2003. Lead, copper, chromium, zinc, nickel and cadmium concentrations were determined by using solvent extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometric method. The results show that differences based upon sampling times, regions, sediment and water samples were observed. The mean levels of copper, nickel, chromium, lead, cadmium, zinc for sediment samples are; 4.630 μg g⁻¹, 13.520 μg g⁻¹, 8.780 μg g⁻¹, 2.550 μg g⁻¹, 9.990 μg g⁻¹ and for water samples are; 0.851 μg g⁻¹, 1.050 μg g⁻¹, 0.027 μg g⁻¹, 1.786 μg g⁻¹, 0.236 μg g⁻¹, 0.173 μg g⁻¹, respectively.