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881.
Christophe Boschet Tina Rambonilaza 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(1):105-123
Several studies attempt to explain how collaborative environmental governance processes operate, but the question of why collaboration relationships form has received much less attention. Motivated by this need, this paper provides insights to the broad question: why does collaborative river basin management in France depend so heavily on partnerships made up around a few actors? Accordingly, our analytical framework develops a transaction cost explanation for the extent to which participatory procedures help stakeholders to identify partners and initiate collaboration, and for the causal link between the attributes of these stakeholders and their partnerships. The p2 model is implemented to investigate partnership networks of the key actors that govern the management of the Gironde estuary, the study case. The results provide evidence that environmental institutions bring together heterogeneous actors who might not be ready for collaboration, thereby actors’ perceived power similarity; their geographical proximity and co-presence in formal fora limit transaction costs. 相似文献
882.
U. Pinto 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(7):1257-1276
In this study, we examine aspects of community values and perspectives on goods and services received from the river along with issues related to sustainable management of the river. The study reveals that the contemporary values placed on rivers by communities are mostly associated with recreational and leisure activities. The distance from the river and age of the participants appeared as the most influential social demographic factors affecting participants' perspectives on river health. The study indicates that people tend to develop a strong bond with the natural resources around them and the amount of time spent at a location is directly related to the strength of this relationship. To assess the general river condition and health, a number of visual indicators (e.g., floating debris) were suggested. If properly standardised and calibrated, such indicators have the potential to develop cost-effective monitoring tools for detecting seasonal and spatial changes in river health. 相似文献
883.
This paper discusses how climatic-hydrological and socio-political developments will affect water allocation in the Syr Darya river basin and which adaptation measures will be needed to cope with changing water resources. In view of the geo-political complexity, climate-driven changes in water availability are of particular importance in this region. Water shortages during summer will become more frequent as precipitation is expected to further decrease and glacial meltwater releases will decrease in the long-term due to reduced glacier volume. Being the main valve to the entire Syr Darya river system, the Toktogul reservoir in Kyrgyzstan could take over, at least partly, the role of glaciers as seasonal water redistributors, thus allowing the generation of energy in winter – benefiting upstream countries – and irrigation for large-scale agriculture in summer – benefiting downstream countries. To date, however, there is no regional consensus on a balanced reservoir management, which currently favours irrigation according to past Soviet priorities. Moreover, the perception of water as a ‘national concern’ in Central Asia discourages efforts towards cooperation between states at the regional level. So far, climate change adaptation has focused on technical rather than institutional solutions. We suggest that policy-relevant adaptation measures should include consistent data collection and dissemination, cross-sectoral collaboration, promotion of national responsibility and initiative, and agreeing on a regional strategy. 相似文献
884.
Bushra Nishat S.M. Mahbubur Rahman 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(6):1313-1327
Nishat, Bushra and S.M. Mahbubur Rahman, 2009. Water Resources Modeling of the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna River Basins Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1313‐1327. Abstract: Large‐scale water resources modeling can provide useful insights on future water availability scenarios for downstream nations in anticipation of proposed upstream water resources projects in large international river basins (IRBs). However, model set up can be challenging due to the large amounts of data requirement on both static states (soils, vegetation, topography, drainage network, etc.) and dynamic variables (rainfall, streamflow, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, etc.) over the basin from multiple nations and data collection agencies. Under such circumstances, satellite remote sensing provides a more pragmatic and convenient alternative because of the vantage of space and easy availability from a single data platform. In this paper, we demonstrate a modeling effort to set up a water resources management model, MIKE BASIN, over the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (GBM) river basins. The model is set up with the objective of providing Bangladesh, the lowermost riparian nation in the GBM basins, a framework for assessing proposed water diversion scenarios in the upstream transboundary regions of India and deriving quantitative impacts on water availability. Using an array of satellite remote sensing data on topography, vegetation, and rainfall from the transboundary regions, we demonstrate that it is possible to calibrate MIKE BASIN to a satisfactory level and predict streamflow in the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers at the entry points of Bangladesh at relevant scales of water resources management. Simulated runoff for the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers follow the trends in the rated discharge for the calibration period. However, monthly flow volume differs from the actual rated flow by (?) 8% to (+) 20% in the Ganges basin, by (?) 15 to (+) 12% in the Brahmaputra basin, and by (?) 15 to (+) 19% in the Meghna basin. Our large‐scale modeling initiative is generic enough for other downstream nations in IRBs to adopt for their own modeling needs. 相似文献
885.
Sebastian Theis Jonathan L.W. Ruppert Karling N. Roberts Charles K. Minns Marten Koops Mark S. Poesch 《Conservation biology》2020,34(1):41-53
Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes. 相似文献
886.
AARON S. RUESCH CHRISTIAN E. TORGERSEN JOSHUA J. LAWLER JULIAN D. OLDEN ERIN E. PETERSON CAROL J. VOLK DAVID J. LAWRENCE 《Conservation biology》2012,26(5):873-882
Abstract: Climate change will likely have profound effects on cold‐water species of freshwater fishes. As temperatures rise, cold‐water fish distributions may shift and contract in response. Predicting the effects of projected stream warming in stream networks is complicated by the generally poor correlation between water temperature and air temperature. Spatial dependencies in stream networks are complex because the geography of stream processes is governed by dimensions of flow direction and network structure. Therefore, forecasting climate‐driven range shifts of stream biota has lagged behind similar terrestrial modeling efforts. We predicted climate‐induced changes in summer thermal habitat for 3 cold‐water fish species—juvenile Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. mykiss, and Salvelinus confluentus, respectively)—in the John Day River basin, northwestern United States. We used a spatially explicit statistical model designed to predict water temperature in stream networks on the basis of flow and spatial connectivity. The spatial distribution of stream temperature extremes during summers from 1993 through 2009 was largely governed by solar radiation and interannual extremes of air temperature. For a moderate climate change scenario, estimated declines by 2100 in the volume of habitat for Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout were 69–95%, 51–87%, and 86–100%, respectively. Although some restoration strategies may be able to offset these projected effects, such forecasts point to how and where restoration and management efforts might focus. 相似文献
887.
888.
氯代苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性及QSAR研究 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
采用细菌生长抑制实验,测定了18种氯苯类化合物对长江水中混合细菌的毒性,得到24 hIC50值,-1gIC50为3.65~4.32,其中,毒性最弱的是氯苯,毒性最强的是1,2,4-三氯苯.选用分子连接性指数法对毒性数据进行定量结构活性关系(QSAR)研究.结果表明,氯苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性与苯环上取代基的种类、数目和位置有关,价分子连接性指数0XV和7XCHV能够很好地描述氯苯类化合物对江水细菌的毒性.方程-1gIC50=0.8390XV-25.3727XCHV+0.802的稳健性很好,该模型的预测值与毒性实测值之间的相关系数达0.948. 相似文献
889.
AnnAGNPS模型在九龙江流域农业非点源污染模拟应用 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
运用连续-分布式参数模型(AnnualizedAgriculturalNonPointSourceModel,AnnAGNPS)进行中国南方山区中等尺度流域———九龙江流域农业非点源污染负荷估算和对流域过程和管理措施的模拟.利用4个典型汇水区校正模型参数,并进一步在九龙江的北溪和西溪两大支流流域验证模型的适宜性.以此为基础模拟西溪总氮负荷为24.76kg/(hm2·a),总磷负荷为0.67kg/(hm2·a);北溪总氮负荷10.28kg/(hm2·a),总磷负荷为0.40kg/(hm2·a).运用AnnAGNPS模型对典型汇水区特定集水单元、西溪和北溪流域的土地利用管理措施进行分别模拟.模拟结果显示坡地种植退耕返林后,天宝仙都集水单元92地表径流、泥沙、总氮和总磷负荷可分别削减了21.6%、25.9%、96%和79.2%;下庄集水单元93地表径流、泥沙总氮和总磷负荷削减率分别为94.1%、54.9%、99.2%,和79.7%;模拟西溪香蕉地改种双季稻,西溪总氮、可溶态氮、总磷和可溶性磷依次削减了23.83%、25.44%、9.08%和19.84%;模拟北溪流域内生猪场全部搬迁,流域出口总氮和可溶态氮的削减率分别为63.54%和76.92%. 相似文献
890.
黄河(兰州段)水环境中壬基酚及壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚污染的初步研究 总被引:16,自引:2,他引:14
对黄河(兰州段)4个排污点的水样和6个断面各个介质(包括水体、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物)中壬基酚(NP)及壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO)的污染调查结果表明,4个排污点水样中分别含有浓度不等的NP,NPnEO(n=1—11);6个断面采样点中,大分子的NPnEO(n>2)在各个介质中均未检出,水样中NP在0.24—2.10μg·l-1之间,NP1EO在0.060-0.35μg·l-1之间,NP2EO在0.039—0.26μg·l-1之间,说明NPnEO在黄河水体发生了有效降解,但是NPnEO小分子降解产物,特别是NP,持久性加强,在不同断面检测到不同程度的污染;在悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中也检测到了相应的NP,NP1lEO和NP2EO,其浓度均大于水体,而悬浮颗粒物对NP,NP1EO和NP2EO的富集大于沉积物对它们的富集. 相似文献