三江源典型高寒草地坡面土壤有机碳变化特征及其影响因素

以三江源地区高寒草地退化坡面为研究对象,从草地类型、鼠害和自然因素如水蚀、风蚀、冻融作用这一角度上探讨发生在不同退化程度上土壤有机碳的变化特征,对明晰高寒地区退化草地的碳变化机理和全球气候响应具有重要意义。结果表明:同一侵蚀环境条件和退化程度下,以小嵩草、矮嵩草为优势种高寒草甸比以紫花针茅为优势种的高寒草原土壤有机碳蓄存能力高。轻度退化程度受水蚀影响的高寒草甸曲麻河乡QMH1坡面土壤有机碳平均含量是相距3.5 km高寒草原曲麻河乡QMH2坡面的2.2倍(P<0.01);轻度退化程度受风蚀影响的高寒草甸五道梁WDL坡面土壤有机碳平均含量是高寒草原不冻泉BDQ坡面土壤有机碳含量的3.8倍(P<0.01)。水蚀作用显著影响了高寒退化草地土壤有机碳在坡面上的分布,表现为随坡面向下迁移富集的特征。轻度退化程度受水蚀影响的高寒草甸玛龙ML1号坡面下坡位(距坡顶580 m以下)土壤有机碳平均含量比上坡位(距坡顶580 m以上)高22%(P<0.01)。高寒草甸玛龙ML2坡面土壤有机碳分布特征,不仅具有土壤有机碳含量随退化程度加剧而降低的规律,还叠加有土壤有机碳随水土流失向下富集的迁移分布规律,具体表现为坡上位轻度退化>坡中下位中度退化>坡下位极度退化>坡中上位重度退化,因极度退化坡位处于重度退化的下坡位,表现出极度退化坡位土壤有机碳含量比重度退化坡位高49.3%(P<0.05)。风蚀作用使高寒退化草地表层土壤粗骨化和土壤有机碳加速矿化,表现为受湖陆风影响较弱的鄂陵湖ELH坡面土壤有机碳平均含量比受湖陆风影响较强的扎陵湖ZLH坡面高27.9%(P<0.05)。冻融垮塌降低了高寒退化草地土壤有机碳平均含量,但差异不显著。鼠害影响降低了高寒退化草地土壤有机碳的平均含量,并加速了高寒草地退化的进程。中度退化鼠洞周围SDⅠ-Ⅲ土壤有机碳平均含量是极度退化鼠洞周围SDⅣ-Ⅵ的2.1倍;而未受鼠害影响的中度退化ML2Ⅰ-Ⅱ土壤有机碳平均含量是极度退化ML2Ⅳ-Ⅵ的1.6倍。高寒坡面草地受水蚀、风蚀、冻融以及鼠害等因素作用加剧了土壤有机碳的损失。     

万家寨引黄工程沿线植物群落优势种群分布格局研究

应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、Green指数、聚集强度和负二项分布的χ2拟合检验等方法,研究了山西万家寨引黄工程优势种群的分布格局,并阐述了各指数间的关系。结果表明:绝大多数自然种群都服从聚集分布,而沙棘、苔草和蒲公英呈随机分布。这主要与物种本身的生态和生物学特性有关,也与物种间的竞争排斥作用有关。在判定物种分布格局的5种方法中,以方差/均值比率和负二项分布的检验联合运用效果较好,不仅生态学意义明显,而且结果具有严格的统计学意义。     

Spinal deformities in the black-striped pipefish Syngnathus abaster (Pisces, Syngnathidae) from the Tunis North Lake, Tunisia

Spinal deformities are seen in fishes. Deformities in the family Syngnathidae is rarely reported. Spine curvatures in natural population of pipefish, Syngnathus abaster are reported from the Tunis North Lake. The species is euryhaline and occurs along the Mediterranean coasts. Four hundred specimens of S. abaster were collected from January 2006 to December 2007 from the Tunis North Lake. Two specimens with skeletal abnormalities were described for the first time. X-rays radiographies revealed several vertebral deformities for each deformed specimen, especially at five curvation places of the caudal part. Several factors are believed to be the cause of spinal deformities of S. abaster in the Tunis North Lake, such as environmental disturbances, parasitism infection and nutritional factors.     

Impact of maximum sustainable yield on independent populations

We investigate a community of independent logistically growing populations under a common harvesting effort which leads to the total maximum sustainable yield (TMSY). It is surprising that in the case of two populations with approximately equal carrying capacities, TMSY is reached while both populations persist, although their biotic potential may differ substantially. In general, however, TMSY with a common harvesting effort implies suboptimal fishing of some populations, overfishing of others and extinction of the rest of the populations. Since extinction of populations is a rule rather than an exception and since a community of independent populations is more robust than an ecosystem with multiple trophic levels, we call for urgent retraction of all legal documents advocating MSY in ecosystems.