Water supply and sanitation services for all: global progress during the 1990s

The Earth may be largely covered with water, but over one billion people are estimated to be without safe drinking water and almost 2.5 billion (40% of the world's population) without adequate sanitation at the outset of the new millennium. The provision of safe water and sanitation for all poses several serious institutional and economic challenges at international, national and local levels. Despite the various political commitments made from the late 1970s onwards, these commitments have remained largely unfulfilled. Even though some efforts to expand coverage have been made over the past two decades, much of those efforts have been undermined by socioeconomic problems and growing population, particularly in the urban areas of developing countries. The water supply and sanitation sector is actually in acute need of new investments for expansion and maintenance of facilities. Nonetheless, some positive trends can be discerned, such as, for example, the increasing recognition of integrated water resources management, environmental sanitation, public-private partnerships and women as a key for improvement and expansion of services.     

广西乡村旅游发展的SWOT分析

运用SWOT分析方法,认为广西乡村旅游资源丰富,乡村旅游的发展正面临着良好的发展机遇,同时必须应对日益剧烈的市场竞争和由于开发不当而造成的资源破坏与特色退化,处理好各乡村旅游利益主体之间的利益平衡。从整体而言,广西的乡村旅游还处于探索和参与阶段。乡村旅游的可持续发展有待于政府、专家学者、旅游开发经营者和乡村旅游者的共同努力。     

常熟市持续农业和农村发展研究

根据联合国粮农组织（ＦＡＯ）提出的３个战略目标，本文阐述了常熟市农业和农村可持续发展的作法和体会，以及克服制约当地持续农业和农村发展的主导因素所采取的措施和取得的成效。     

ARE RURAL RESIDENTS WILLING TO PAY ENOUGH TO IMPROVE DRINKING WATER QUALITY?1

ABSTRACT: The concentrations of iron and sulfate in community water supplies are a concern for a number of areas in southwestern Minnesota. This study used the contingent valuation method to determine how much consumers would be willing to pay to improve their drinking water quality. On average, individuals were willing to pay US$5.25 per month (in 1995 U.S. dollars) to reduce the level of iron and US$4.33 per month to reduce the level of sulfate in their water to the USEPA's secondary standards for drinking water quality. Respondents with negative perceptions of their drinking water quality were willing to pay more to improve water quality. The aggregate annual willingness to pay (WTP) for all consumers in community water systems in southwestern Minnesota that were out of compliance with water quality standards were estimated to be US$2.4 million and US$2.0 million (in 1995 dollars) for reducing the levels of iron and sulfate, respectively. Yet the total WTP of consumers who use small community water systems may not be enough to pay the full cost of providing improved water in those systems. Economies of scale in water treatment and difficulties in financing improvements mean that technical innovation, government assistance, or institutional changes may be needed to improve water quality in these areas.     

CAPITAL COST OF RURAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: The cost of water service to rural residents is very high compared to urban areas. This is true even after subsidization by Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) loans and grants. Capital cost data on 44 projects financed by the Ohio office of the FmHA during the period August 1968 to January 1977 are used to derive cost equations for 26 components of rural water distribution systems. These components represent 92 percent of the capital cost of the pipeline distribution systems studied. The data can be used to economically design rural water supply systems from a capital cost viewpoint. More data are needed on operation and maintenance costs as well as central and cluster well costs before totally economic system designs can be undertaken.     

WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL IN RURAL AREAS OF INDIA1

ABSTRACT: Piped water supply and sewerage have been taken almost for granted in the developed countries. However, most people in the United States have little knowledge of the condition of public health amenities in the developing countries. The paper reviews the importance, background and current status of water and wastewater facilities in India. The relative situation in urban and rural areas, conventional practices in environmental hygiene, the programs for improvement and the problems involved with possible solutions are given. The case history of a town is also included for illustrative purposes.     

人力和物质资本对农业经济增长的空间差异

为探索人力、物质两大资本对我国农业经济增长的作用差异,采用我国31个省份2001—2019年的数据实证分析了我国农业经济增长对两大资本的产出弹性。结果表明:人力、物质两大资本对农业经济的增长均具有显著促进作用,且人力资本作用更大。在差异性方面,东部地区、农业经济发展中等水平的地区受物质资本影响显著;中部地区、农业经济高水平的地区两大资本对农业经济均有显著促进作用,且人力资本作用更强;西部地区、农业发展低水平的地区两大资本对农业经济作用不显著,农业经济增长由物质资本驱动向人力资本驱动转变。     

地震灾害对中国农村居民的影响研究--以云南省大姚县为例

通过对2003年7月21日和10月16日分别发生6.2和6.1级地震的云南省大姚县居民的问卷调查,分析了地震灾害对中困农村居民的影响,了解了我国农村居民尤其是地震多发区农村居民对地震灾害的风险意识以及在地震灾害中的反应.调查结果表明:中国农村居民是地震灾害的最大受害者和风险承担者.虽然他们会在地震灾害中汲取经验教训,增强风险防范意识,但是由于经济水平、自然环境等客观条件的影响,他们只能被动地承受地震灾害,而不能从根本上改变承灾体的脆弱性.中国农村地震减灾、防灾能力的加强需要政府管理部门的积极参与.     

农村生活污水处理设施省级管理体系探索——以浙江省为例

农村生活污水治理是我国提升农村人居环境行动的重要一环。在国家有关政策的推动下,近年来我国农村生活污水处理设施大量建成,但由于法规标准、管理保障机制等的相对滞后,影响了现有设施的长效运行,亟待探索并建立因地制宜的农村生活污水处理设施省级管理体系。浙江省作为全国首个全面开展农村生活污水治理并对其专门立法的省级行政区,经过十几年的摸索,初步形成了“以条例为抓手,以标准体系作指导,以运维管理体系作保障”较为完善的农村生活污水处理设施管理体系。详细梳理了浙江省农村生活污水处理设施的建设与运维管理发展历程,系统总结了浙江省在颁布条例、建立标准体系及运维管理保障机制方面取得的进步与积累的经验,提出了顶层设计先行、重视试点示范、政产学研深度融合3点建议,可为全国其他省(自治区、直辖市)农村生活污水治理工作的开展提供参考。     

电解强化人工湿地对农村生活污水中氮磷的去除性能

采用电解强化-三级串联潜流人工湿地的组合工艺,深化处理农村生活污水中的氮、磷营养盐.探究了系统对农村生活污水中氮、磷的净化效果,测定了填料对磷的吸附贡献及其磷的形态,采用高通量测序的方法分析了基质微生物的群落结构.结果 表明:当水力负荷为0.30 m3·(m2·d)-1时,电解系统对TN、NH4+-N和TP去除率分别为...