农村环境污染现状及治理对策

文章结合农村实际情况,从环境保护的角度分析了当前农村存在的主要环境污染问题及其成因,并提出了相应的治理对策措施。     

我国农村经济发展现状与环境治理的相关问题探讨

目前,随着我国农村经济的高速发展,环境问题也日益突出.如仅重视经济的发展而忽略环境污染问题,必将严重导致一个恶性循环发展链,使经济发展的速度受到不良因素的制约.改革开放以来,中国农村经济得到了较快的发展,农村面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化.但在经济迅速发展的同时,农村的生态环境却在迅速的恶化.如何改变农村现有的经济发展模式,寻求高效、稳定、持续的农村发展模式成为当前重要而紧迫的课题.文章就当前农村经济的发展现状与农村环境污染的防治做相关的探讨.     

农村沼气在北方农业源减排中的应用浅析

农村沼气作为一种特殊的清洁能源,在沈阳市农村节能减排、应对气候变化和发展低碳经济、促进新农村建设方面发挥了巨大的作用。本文通过对沼气工程在北方地区应用的阐述,力图推动北方农村沼气在农业源减排工作中的应用。     

农村生活污水处理技术的应用效果及其经济性分析研究——以重庆地区为例

为了解农村生活污水处理技术在应用过程中的效果.以重庆地区为例,对重庆市63个村庄的生活污水处理设施进行了调查.根据出水水质和建设成本,对村庄常用的污水处理技术进行经济技术综合比较分析.结果表明,无动力人工湿地较为经济,应用效果并不理想,在经济条件比较薄弱的地区可作为过渡型处理技术加以应用;渠道式生态沟投资较昂贵,不推荐使用;一体化设备投资昂贵,运行管理简单,在经济条件较好的地区可以考虑使用.     

改性沸石湿地脱氮除磷效能及机制

为明确改性沸石湿地对分散性农村生活污水中氮磷的去除效能,并探索其脱氮除磷机制,将改性沸石作为折流湿地填料层填料,应用于厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)+折流湿地(BFCW)组合工艺,为苏州市农村生活污水处理提供新途径.结果表明,改性沸石湿地对氮磷去除良好且稳定,脱氮量和除磷量较沸石湿地分别增大1.8%和1倍多.湿地主要通过填料的吸附截留作用脱氮除磷,以Ca-P和Al-P为主要沉淀磷素形式,植物的泌氧和吸收作用有助于稳定出水水质.湿地前端和后端分别以填料的吸附截留作用和微生物的硝化反硝化作用为主要脱氮途径.改性过程对沸石磷素吸附沉淀性能的大幅提升是在多重途径的协同作用下实现的,湿地构型和植物根系的影响是造成相同区域填料氮磷截留量差异的主要原因.硝化作用强度的高低是改性沸石湿地脱氮效果及稳定性季节性波动的主因.     

Suspended Particulate Matter Distribution in Rural-Industrial Satna and in Urban-Industrial South Delhi

An air quality sampling program was designed and implemented to collect the baseline concentrations of respirable suspended particulates (RSP = PM₁₀), non-respirable suspended particulates (NRSP) and fine suspended particulates (FSP = PM_2.5). Over a three-week period, a 24-h average concentrations were calculated from the samples collected at an industrial site in Southern Delhi and compared to datasets collected in Satna by Envirotech Limited, Okhla, Delhi in order to establish the characteristic difference in emission patterns. PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and total suspended particulates (TSP) concentrations at Satna were 20.5 ± 6.0, 102.1 ± 41.1, and 387.6 ± 222.4 μg m⁻³ and at Delhi were 126.7 ± 28.6, 268.6 ± 39.1, and 687.7 ± 117.4 μg m⁻³. Values at Delhi were well above the standard limit for 24-h PM_2.5 United States National Ambient Air Quality Standards (USNAAQS; 65 μg m⁻³), while values at Satna were under the standard limit. Results were compared with various worldwide studies. These comparisons suggest an immediate need for the promulgation of new PM_2.5 standards. The position of PM₁₀ in Delhi is drastic and needs an immediate attention. PM₁₀ levels at Delhi were also well above the standard limit for 24-h PM₁₀ National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS; 150 μg m⁻³), while levels at Satna remained under the standard limit. PM_2.5/PM₁₀ values were also calculated to determine PM_2.5 contribution. At Satna, PM_2.5 contribution to PM₁₀ was only 20% compared to 47% in Delhi. TSP values at Delhi were well above, while TSP values at Satna were under, the standard limit for 24-h TSP NAAQS (500 μg m⁻³). At Satna, the PM₁₀ contribution to TSP was only 26% compared to 39% in Delhi. The correlation between PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and TSP were also calculated in order to gain an insight to their sources. Both in Satna and in Delhi, none of the sources was dominant a varied pattern of emissions was obtained, showing the presence of heterogeneous emission density and that nonrespirable suspended particulate (NRSP) formed the greatest part of the particulate load.     

论可持续发展视野中的农村社会支持

本文阐述了如何可持续发展观来指导农村社会支持,并提出在农村社会支持活动中,引进社会保险、社会服务、生态保护和心理培育等新的机制,运用综合性评价指标体系对各种农村社会支持项目及其结果进行经济效益、社会效益和心理效益三个方面的分析。     

湖北农村降水中SO_4~(2-)浓度变化研究

在湖北农村 10个地点 ,利用澳大利亚集雨器自 1996年 1月至 1998年 6月 ,按季度采集大气降水样品测定SO2 - 4浓度 ,并对数据进行统计分析。研究结果表明 ,各地 1997年降水中SO2 - 4浓度年均值比 1996年显著升高 ;大多数地点 1996、1997、1998年 1季度和 2季度降水中SO2 - 4浓度呈逐年升高趋势 ;大多数地点每年 1、4季度降水中SO2 - 4浓度高 ,2、3季度降水中SO2 - 4浓度低 ,说明湖北农村降水中的硫对秋冬作物影响比对春夏作物影响大 ;湖北农村降水中SO2 - 4浓度近两年不仅有时间变化规律 ,而且同一季度内的地区差异也很明显 ,在 1996年和 1997年 8个季度 10个点的降水SO2 - 4浓度最大值中 ,有 4个最大值出现在襄樊 ,它是目前湖北继宜昌市区、恩施市区之后又一个酸雨发展较快的地区     

Dynamics of local governance in natural resource conservation in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

There has been a shift in natural resource management worldwide. This paper describes how modern institutions and policies influence management and shape access to and utilization of resources by rural communities in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. It is rooted in the framework of adaptive co‐governance within social‐ecological systems, and employs a critical literature review to analyse access to and use of natural resources in rural Botswana. Prior to the establishment of community‐based natural resource management (CBNRM) in Botswana in 1989, resource governance was dominated by strong traditional institutions that were responsible for natural resource management and decision‐making. Contemporary natural resource governance is characterized by a bureaucratic system that invariably undermines the role of traditional institutions in natural resource governance. Findings indicate that policies and regulatory instruments deny rural communities adequate access to and utilization of resources available within their immediate environment. In spite of an orientation towards an anthropocentric approach to natural resource management (as in the case of CBNRM), the current governance system continues to undermine the inclusion of local resource users as legitimate stakeholders in the decision‐making process.     

“结构—行为—绩效”框架下农地整理的管护绩效研究

在分析农地整理建后管护基本内涵的基础上开发了农民满意度绩效量表,引入新制度经济学领域"结构—行为—绩效"(SCP)范式,构建农地整理建后管护的"组织结构—管护行为—管护绩效"的分析框架。以湖北省赤壁市黄盖湖农场和嘉鱼县潘家湾镇为研究区域开展实证研究,通过比率标度法和熵权法生成绩效测度的组合权重并得到满意度绩效,运用调查数据检验建后管护的组织结构和管护行为对管护绩效的影响机理,分析组织结构的工作职能、成长机制以及管护行为中的集体行为和个体行为的影响程度。研究结果显示:受访农民对农地整理的管护绩效评价接近于"一般",企业管护模式下黄盖湖农场和集体管护模式下潘家湾镇的管护绩效存在显著的地区差异;表征管护组织持续发展状态、内部结构完善程度的组织结构类变量以及表征管护资金投入、受益农民群体参与程度的管护行为类变量是显著影响管护绩效的解释变量;黄盖湖农场企业化经营的组织结构、潘家湾镇的综合治理改革以及受到县级财政专项支持等外部要素是造成农地整理管护绩效差异的主要原因。研究结论验证了农地整理建后管护SCP分析框架的有效性,为提升农地整理管护绩效提供了理论依据。