Health and Welfare in Danish Dairy Cattle in the Transition to Organic Production: Problems, Priorities and Perspectives

During the past few years,organic dairy farming has grown dramatically inDenmark. Consequently, an increasing number ofpeople are encountering this method ofproduction for the first time. Amongst these,many veterinarians have suddenly had to dealwith organic herds in their home district, and,meeting examples of poor animal welfare, theyhave recently started to express some concerns.Against this background, a so-called``Synthesis of Knowledge' project was initiatedto examine the health and welfare of dairycattle and the use of medication in thetransition to organic production. The aim ofthe project was to investigate associatedproblems from the point of view of the dairyherd. Based on qualitative research interviewswith vets and agricultural advisors, as well asfocus group interviews with farmers who hadrecently converted from conventional to organicfarming, an expert panel attempted to identifyproblem areas and possible solutions. Theproblems related to (a) the adjustment to newand unknown practices, (b) poor management ingeneral, and (c) inappropriate legislation fororganic farming.One problem area was the rearing of dairycalves, particularly with regard to theestablishment of post partumrelationships between cow and calf, grouphousing, and the grazing of young animals. A``natural life' was identified as beingfundamental to organic animal husbandry. Interms of animal welfare, this concept can beunderstood as a way of living in which the calfis allowed to express its natural behavior andsatisfy its natural needs. Essentially, theconditions needed for good calf welfare requirethe compatibility and interplay of elementsfrom ``nature' (the natural life; includingopportunities to satisfy natural needs) and``culture' (farmer management skills; exerciseof care). These elements should be balanced toensure animal welfare in organic herds.     

无黏结剂ZSM-5分子筛的制备及其对甲苯的吸附性能

以硅溶胶为黏结剂,将粗孔硅胶、聚乙二醇、拟薄水铝石、ZSM-5晶种导向剂捏条成型,采用干胶转化法制备得到了无黏结剂ZSM-5分子筛。XRD和SEM等表征方法的结果显示,采用干胶转化法制备得到的ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度较高,具有200nm左右的小晶粒构成的自支撑结构。采用无黏结剂ZSM-5分子筛吸附剂进行甲苯吸附-脱附实验,该吸附剂表现出良好的吸附性能,对甲苯的脱附性能优于活性炭。     

高温氧化-定向转化法处理草甘膦生产含磷废料

根据草甘膦生产含磷废料的成分特点,先进行预处理及指标调节,然后采用高温氧化-定向转化法进行氧化、聚合反应,得到高品质的磷酸盐产品。实验结果表明:控制预处理后含磷废料中杂质氯化钠质量分数不超3%、p H在7~9,雾化后进入高温氧化-定向转化反应器,在750~800℃下反应50~60 min,产物中焦磷酸钠质量分数达97%以上,含磷废料的COD去除率达99%以上,杂质氯化钠分解率不超0.8%。该方法工艺条件稳定,工程化简单,可以直接得到附加值较高的焦磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠等磷酸盐产品,回收产品的经济性较好,推广应用前景广阔。     

SO2在高岭土表面气-粒转化及影响因素

利用自制气溶胶反应器通过实验研究了不同相对湿度（RH）、光照、NOx和NH3条件对SO2在高岭土表面的气-粒转化过程和SO42-生成量的影响。结果表明：RH是影响高岭土表面SO2转化及SO42-生成的最重要因素,随着RH的增加,高岭土表面SO2的转化量及SO42-的生成量也明显增加,其中SO2转化量最大增幅达600%;光照条件对高岭土表面SO2的转化及SO42-的生成也有一定影响,光照越强SO2的转化量及SO42-的生成量越高;NOx和NH3的存在会促进SO2在高岭土表面的转化和SO42-的生成,协同作用明显。     

浅论吴泾化工总厂的废水治理

叙述了吴泾化工总厂废水排放与治理概况,着重介绍了尿素生产废水、造气含氰废水和变换废水的处理工艺。     

变频调速技术在高炉出铁场除尘中的应用

介绍了变频调速技术，结合实例论述了出铁场除尘系统采用此技术的经济性，并与其他调节方式作了比较，证明其在技术上及经济上均较优越。     

生活垃圾衍生燃料催化气化制备合成气

以生活垃圾衍生燃料RDF（refuse derived fuel）为原料,在750℃下进行了催化气化-改质实验,研究了氧气供应量、Ni基催化剂组分等操作要素对合成气生成特性的影响。结果表明：氧气供应量ER（equivalent ratio）的增加可以提高碳素转化率和冷气体效率;在Ni基催化剂中添加Mg、Ce、K、Ca和Zn等金属助剂可以有效改善改质催化性能,促进焦油分解,提高有效气体收率。在750℃温度条件下,控制供氧量ER=0.04时,通过催化气化-改质处理,可以从RDF获得H2体积分数约29.00%的清洁合成气,冷气体效率和碳素转化率分别为44.41%和82.41%,合成气收率可达0.244 m3·kg-1（RDF）。     

稀土复合氧化物加少量贵金属的汽车尾气催化剂的初步研究

本文对稀土添加少量贵金属的汽车尾气催化剂进行了研究,包括稀土氧化物对涂层热稳定性的影响、活性组分浸渍方式对活性的影响。说明不同的浸渍方式对催化剂活性作用不同,分浸比共浸的效果好,ＣＯ起燃温度降低１５￣３０℃,并与贵金属催化剂进行对比,说明钙钛矿结构催化剂具有良好的耐久性,９５０℃水热老化１６ｈ后,起燃温度及最大净化效率没有明显变化。     

Too small to count? Making Land Use Transformations in Chiquitano communities of San Ignacio de Velasco,East Bolivia,visible

ABSTRACT

The Santa Cruz lowlands, east Bolivia, are one of South America’s most dynamic agricultural frontiers. In the Chiquitania, bordering Brazil, San Ignacio de Velasco was in 2017 ranked first nationally in terms of deforestation. There, two deforestation fronts meet with mechanized agriculture expanding from the West and South and cattle ranching from the East. Chiquitano communities are demographically dominant locally but often face land scarcity. Because of their comparatively low impact on forest vegetation, they are not well represented in broad-scale quantitative Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) studies. Based on an empirical, human geographical approach, this paper investigates the transformation of the local indigenous productive matrix, the associated land-use patterns and potential socio-ecological implications. The overall aim is to bear witness to the rapid and profound reconfiguration of traditional livelihoods with their integration in the market economy and to highlight the significance of micro-scale LULC-processes at global scale.     

CO2催化转化催化剂研究现状

将CO₂通过催化反应转化为甲烷、甲醇、一氧化碳、甲酸、低碳烯烃和芳香烃等有价值化工原料是实现碳达峰和碳中和的重要手段。催化剂是转化过程的决定因素之一,开发高转化率和高选择性的催化剂仍是当前CO₂催化转化研究的重点内容。目前,采用的催化剂主要为贵金属催化剂和部分过渡态金属催化剂,同时部分非金属催化剂、新型催化剂和本体催化剂也具有良好的催化活性。转化产物分子结构的复杂化和非均相化程度越高,则CO₂催化转化的转化率和选择性越低。催化反应以热催化和光催化为主,反应条件的差异导致不同催化剂的性能可比性较差。因此,除开发高效催化剂外,建立规范化的CO₂催化转化评价方法也是未来研究的重点。