Lessons learned and success of initiatives to rehabilitate degraded forests in Guangdong Province,China

The harvesting of communal natural resources by ‘outsiders’ (i.e. harvesters from other villages or towns) was investigated in ten rural villages in South Africa. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques were used to collect data in focus groups in each village. A case study quantifying the outflow of fuelwood was also conducted in one of the villages. Harvesting by outsiders was reportedly widespread and, in the case of fuelwood, a cause for concern. Of 13 recorded resources, the three most commonly harvested by outsiders were fuelwood, plants for traditional medicine and river sand for brick-making. An increase in harvesting by outsiders over the last decade was widely reported. This was related to socio-economic changes, largely associated with the first democratic elections in 1994. Key socio-economic drivers of this increased harvesting were: 1) the breakdown of institutional control of resources, 2) rising unemployment, and 3) a pervasive sense of entitlement associated with new-found political freedom and democracy. Evidence suggests that the increased harvesting by outsiders is a reality, rather than a xenophobic accusation, and that it poses a threat to the sustainability of communal resources in rural areas. This is discussed within the context of South Africa as a society in transition.     

城市中农村迁移家庭的劳动供给行为分析

城市中农村迁移家庭的劳动供给行为一直是发展经济学研究的主题之一.本文建立了中国城市中农村迁移家庭的劳动参与模型和工作时间模型,用于分析城市中农村迁移家庭的劳动供给行为.研究结果表明:农村迁移劳动力劳动参与率高,工作时间长,主要在非正规部门就业;农村迁移家庭中女性和男性的教育收益率分别为3.71％和4.97％,且随着受教育年限的提高,男性工作时间将明显增加;身体健康不仅有助于女性劳动参与率的提高,而且有助于女性和男性工作时间的增加;随着年龄的增长,个体倾向于减少工作时间;但随着经验的增长,个体倾向于增加工作时间;女性工作时间的工资弹性和收入弹性分别为-0.261 3和-0.073 3,而男性工作时间的工资弹性为-0.3443,说明女性和男性的工作时间曲线均向右下倾斜;女性劳动参与的工资弹性为0.539 5,远高于工作时间的工资弹性.因此,政府通过发展农村教育和医疗服务,适当提高城市最低工资标准,将能够有效地促进农村迁移家庭就业水平和收入水平的提高.     

适应转化:新生代流动人口定居意愿的实证研究及其政策意涵

本文基于南开大学"2013年流动人口管理和服务对策研究问卷调查"的数据,对新生代流动人口定居意愿及其影响因素展开分析,并与老生代流动人口的情况进行比较。发现经济因素对老生代流动人口定居意愿具有显著影响。然而,与之不同的是,职业类型、家庭人均月收入、住房公积金等代表经济因素的指标对新生代流动人口定居意愿的影响不显著。而且,信用卡消费、人均居住面积、居住质量、对城市生活水平的满意度、流入地亲人数、朋友中的本地人数量、日常生活中与本地人的交往频繁程度等代表社会适应因素的指标对新生代流动人口定居意愿具有显著影响;但是,这些社会适应因素对老生代流动人口定居意愿的影响则较为有限。由此可见,流动人口定居意愿影响因素存在显著的代际差异。相对于老生代流动人口而言,新生代流动人口定居意愿的影响因素由经济吸引向社会适应转化。具体而言,新生代流动人口定居意愿的社会适应因素体现在消费方式、居住环境、情感纽带、社会融入、城市评价等五个方面。因此,可以通过增进新生代流动人口的社会适应从而提高其定居意愿。     

China's Migrant Workers' Social Security

Based on the definition of migrant workers and migrant workers'social security,systems,policies and regulations and status quo of specific safeguard project of social security have been analyzed.Authors draw following conclusions: China's social security systems of migrant workers show diversification and differentiation trend; national-level policies take on diversification and local-level regulations take on differentiation; social welfare and social assistance have deficiency; coverage rate of social insurance items is extremely low.     

文化差异对流动人口环保行为的影响研究——基于方言距离的实证分析

方言差异对个体环保行为的影响主要依据是文化认同理论,个体对其所属文化群体的情感认同和身份认知,涵盖了对特定文化传统、价值观、信仰、习惯和语言的深刻认同感。该理论指出,文化认同不仅影响着个体对自我身份的认知,也影响着他们对他人、社会群体,以及整个社会的态度和行为。本研究基于中国综合社会调查(Chinese General Social Survey,CGSS)(2013)数据,使用普通最小二乘法(Ordinary Least Squares,OLS)和调节效应模型分析了方言距离对流动人口环保行为的影响及其作用机制。研究结果表明,方言距离总体上显著降低了流动人口的环保行为,且经过内生性和稳健性检验后,这一研究发现依然成立。异质性分析表明,方言距离降低私域环保行为要比公域环保行为更明显,且方言距离降低短期居住者和听说普通话能力较低者的环保行为也更显著。进一步的机制分析发现,较高的环境污染认知、环境重要性认知以及地区环境规制水平均能显著缓解方言距离对环保行为的负面影响。     

Specific features of annual cycles in long-distance migrant birds living at the range boundary: the example of the wood warbler, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phylloscopus sibilatrix</Emphasis>, in the taiga zone of northwestern Russia

Annual cycle phenomena taking place in the nesting part of the range, such as dates of migration and breeding and molting pattern, have been studied in the wood warbler in northwestern Russia, at the boundary of its nesting range. The results provide evidence that the annual cycle of long-distance migrant birds living at the boundary of their nesting range has certain specific features.     

京津冀地区流动人口家庭化迁移的特征与影响机理

文章基于流动人口动态调查数据,使用空间相关分析、Multiple Logistic Regression等分析方法,对京津冀地区流动人口家庭化迁移的程度、空间特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结论显示:京津冀地区约65%左右的流动人口实现了家庭式迁移,一次性举家迁移已成为流动人口家庭迁移过程的主要模式;流动人口的家庭式迁移比重具有明显的空间差异,形成以北京、天津、张家口为轴线的高比重区域,其它地区则以地级城市为中心向外围递减,流动人口的家庭式迁移具有显著的空间依赖性;个体层面的性别、婚姻、年龄、流入时长等因素及家庭层面的家庭规模、家庭总收入、平均年龄、子女数量等因素均对流动人口的家庭迁移状态有显著影响,且流动人口的家庭式迁移表现出明显的基于经济发展水平的区域偏好。     

Hierarchical Correlates of Bird Assemblage Structure on Northeastern U.S.A. Lakes

We investigated the factorsstructuring lake shore bird assemblages of thenortheastern U.S.A. using data collected from 158 lakesbetween 1992 and 1994. The assemblage data wereaggregated and standardized to produce assemblagecompositions consisting of proportions of individualsemploying different foraging, dietary, and migratorystrategies. The assemblage data were then re-expressedusing compositional analysis techniques and subjectedto regression tree analysis to identify environmentalcorrelates over a range of scales. Regionally, humandensity in the watershed was the most importantpredictor for the foraging, dietary, and migratorycompositions. A combination of anthropogenic andnon-anthropogenic factors likely contributed to thesebroad-scale associations because land use was largelyconfounded with climate and geomorphology. Morelocally, associations with lake shoreresidential-urban development were identified as beingimportant for the foraging and dietary compositions,as were associations with lake shore wetlands, butonly contingent there being little human developmentpresent locally and regionally. Assemblages wereassociated with increasing local and regional humandevelopment such that: hawking, aerial foraging, andground gleaning individuals increased relative tohover-and-gleaners, foliage gleaners, and barkgleaners; omnivores increased relative toinsectivores; and residents increased relative toneotropical migrants. The observed changes in birdcommunity structure were consistent with declines inforest interior species relative to edge species inresponse to forest fragmentation and suggest thatanthropogenic factors have played a prominent role instructuring lake shore bird assemblages of this region.     

新生代农民工市民化问题探析——基于生活满意度视角

新生代农民工市民化是我国当前重大社会问题,了解新生代农民工市民化的需求与驱动力对于促进其主动市民化,构建和谐社会具有重要意义。本文认为农民工市民化的过程就是其在城镇就业、定居进而构建并不断提高生活满意程度的过程,因而生活满意度是新生代农民工市民化的实质驱动力。利用四川省成都市的实地调查数据与实证分析,基于296份新生代农民工的问卷调查,采用多元回归分析技术,探讨了经济收入、社会福利、社会地位及社会关系等对新生代农民工生活满意度的影响程度。分析结果表明:新生代农民工具有追求平等、发展与融入城市的强烈愿望,其生活满意程度取决于经济收入、社会福利、社会地位及社会关系等方面与城市人的横向比较结果。最后提出了就业环境公平化、社会福利均等化及市民化教育等对策建议,从而有利于促进其从经济、社会到心理的城市融入。     

农民工工伤保险先行赔付机制的可行性研究

由于我国现行工伤保险赔付机制的不完善,致使农民工在出现工伤之后由于企业没有缴费而得不到救助。为改变这种状况,现在政府推行的扩大工伤缴费覆盖面和简化工伤受理补偿的程序,固然能够取得一些成效,而配套实行先行赔付的机制,会更为便于操作和更为直接有效。这种机制的实质是,克服传统行政管理的不足,真正运用社会化的方式,实现工伤员工享受工伤补偿的普惠性,促使用人单位、政府和司法有关部门能够把工伤社会保障的责任切实承担起来。