台风侵袭我国南方地区而产生的风灾

本文从气候学角度统计、分析了台风登陆或影响我国３０°Ｎ以南地区８省（浙江、福建、广东、广西、海南、台湾、江西、湖南）而产生风灾的频数分布、季节变化、年变化以及概率分布的特征。     

SIMULATION OF SALTWATER INTRUSION IN VOLUSIA COUNTY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Volusia County, in east central Florida, comprises approximately 1,200 square miles situated between the St. Johns River and the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the County is underlain by a three-aquifer system. Population centers in Volusia County, which create a large water demand, are located near the coast. Saltwater intrusion into the ground water near these population centers has led to relocation of public water supply wells further inland. Regional management of the county's water resources commissioned construction of a three-dimensional computer model of the county. Predevelopment simulation results were used as initial conditions for the development simulations, which included well discharge data. The predevelopment model calibration consisted of reproducing field-determined potentiometric surfaces. As part of the calibration process, sensitivity analyses were performed on boundary conditions, recharge rates, permeability, and leakage properties. Results of the model study indicate the utility of computer models as a management tool for the complex ground-water system in Volusia County.     

地下水回灌补源防治咸水入侵技术研究 --以山东省广绕县为例

山东省广绕县井灌区由于长期超采地下水，引起区域地下水位持续下降、咸水入侵和地裂缝等一系列环境地质问题，成为区域社会和经济持续发展的制约因素。采用地下水回灌补源和调蓄技术是防治咸水入侵的有效途径。探讨了地下水回灌补源系列技术方法，涉及试验研究、数学模拟与优化技术等。室内、野外试验研究为地下水回灌规划和设计以及建立数值模拟模型提供了基本数据和参数。为了优化调整地下水开采量和回灌补源，建立了管理模型。管理模型预测表明，引用黄河水和汛期雨洪水回灌补源，以及通过节水减少漏斗区地下水开采量等系列措施可以有效地阻止咸水入侵，逐步改善区内的地下水环境。     

AQUIFER SALINIZATION IN THE YUN‐LIN COASTAL AREA,TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: This study analyzes possible causes of shallow ground water salinization in the coastal area of Yun‐Lin. The local hydro‐geologic setting is determined from geological drilling data and sea floor topography. Three possible causes (sea water intrusion, salt water percolation through wells, and infiltration of salty water from fish ponds) are evaluated. Chloride concentration is used as an index to measure ground water salinization. Sea water intrusion is modeled by the advective/dispersive equation, and salt water infiltration from wells and fish ponds is calculated by estimating the amount of water percolated. The determined local hydrogeologic setting suggests that the shallow aquifer may be connected to the sea water, resulting in salt water intrusion as a large amount of shallow ground water is withdrawn. The percent contributions of sea water intrusion, percolation through wells, and infiltration of water from fish ponds, to the salinization of the shallow aquifer at Ko‐Hu in the Yun‐Lin coastal area are approximately 27 percent, less than 1 percent and 73 percent, respectively. The results suggest that the vertical infiltration of salt water from fish ponds is the major cause of shallow ground water salinization in the coastal area of Yun‐Lin.     

填海工程对海水入侵影响的数值模拟研究

在系统分析研究区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,运用地下水模型FEFLOW建立了研究区垂向二维非均质流体的对流-弥散数学模型,并通过水位和水质的动态观测资料对模型进行了识别和校正.运用识别后的模型模拟了有填海和无填海两种工况下的海水入侵过程.结果表明:地下水开采是海水入侵的主要原因;在开采地下水条件下,研究区有无填海工程对海水入侵的影响不大,研究区填海工程对海水入侵有一定的阻挡作用,但作用不是很显著.     

The Importance of Non-struck Side Occupants in Side Collisions

Current occupant protection assessment for side impact is focused on struck side occupants sitting alone. In a representative sample of tow-away side collisions from the UK, only one-third of front seat occupants in side collisions were alone, on the struck side of the car. The other two-thirds were either a non-struck side occupant alone or a situation where the adjacent seat was also occupied. In terms of restraint protection for non-struck side occupants, belts appeared to be less effective in perpendicular compared to oblique side crashes. Front seat occupancy had bearing on injury outcome. With both front seats occupied, there was a reduction in AIS 27+ injury to belted non-struck side occupants due to a reduction in chest and lower limb injuries. Struck side occupants sustained increased injury rates to the extremities when accompanied by a belted non-struck side occupant but no notable increases in moderate to serious injury to the head, chest, abdomen or pelvis.     

黄河三角洲浅层地下水化学特征及形成作用

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区开发建设和黄河下游生态调度均需要了解当地地下水化学特征.在沉积环境分区和补-径-排系统分区的基础上,采用数理统计与地统计、Piper三线图和离子比例系数等方法,对黄河三角洲浅层地下水化学特征及成因进行了系统研究.结果表明,①主要水化学参数Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、SO24-、HCO3-和TDS的质量浓度分别介于0.1～25.0g.L-1、3.6～3 815.0 mg.L-1、5.6～3 377.0 mg.L-1、0.1～45.1 g.L-1、24.2～4 947.0 mg.L-1、62.6～850.0 mg.L-1和0.4～80.7 g.L-1之间,各离子质量浓度均值进一步表明区域内Cl-、Na+和TDS质量浓度很高,而HCO 3-、CO23-和K+质量浓度很低.②Cl-和TDS质量浓度沿地下水流向逐渐增大,二者均呈现显著的方向性空间变异和空间分布一致性,揭示了Cl-是浅层地下水水质的主控离子.③从补给区到排泄区,浅层地下水水化学类型由Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+-Cl--SO42-等复杂类型快速过渡到Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+-Cl-(或Mg2+-Na+-Ca2+-Cl-)及Na+-Mg2+-Cl-型,并在海岸滩涂区演化成Na+-Cl-这一简单类型的水.④混合、蒸发浓缩、溶滤、阳离子交替吸附作用及人类活动的影响是黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水化学成分形成的主要作用.该地区浅层地下水化学特征形成的关键驱动因素是黄河入海流路的变迁和海水入侵.     

污染场地挥发性有机物蒸气入侵建筑物关键参数的研究

土壤/地下水中挥发性有机物（VOCs）经过迁移进入室内引起的呼吸吸入暴露,即蒸气入侵（vapor intrusion,VI）是VOCs影响人体健康的重要暴露途径。建筑物参数是影响VOCs从土壤向室内的迁移过程,改变室内人群暴露浓度的重要因素之一。通过系统梳理英美等发达国家暴露风险评估中建筑物参数的技术文件,总结了影响VI的3个关键参数（空气交换速率、建筑容积和地基裂隙）的确定方法,并对比我国暴露风险评估中建筑物参数的研究现状,从重视跨部门基础数据收集、构建分区域本土化参数等方面提出完善建筑物参数及其技术方法的思路。

     

秦皇岛市海水入侵特征

本文在海水入侵勘查、监测成果的基础上，阐述了该区海水入侵现状、分布特征、演化过程和入侵方式，探讨了海水入侵的机理，指出人类活动是海水入侵的诱发因素，超采地下水是海水入侵的根本原因。应用基于GIS的层次分析法进行了危险性评价，从地学角度，提出了海水入侵灾害生态综合防治对策。     

盐生植物大米草在我国滩涂引入后的利弊分析

大米草目前被认为是一种全球性的害草，然而在我国学术界，对给大米草冠以“生物入侵”是有争议的。对我国海岸滩涂引入大米草后所起到的生态工程效益、经济效益经以及在其大规模爆发地区的危害两个方面进行了利弊分析，并对大米草的种植管理提出了一些对策和建议。