Relationships among multiple trace elements in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia ecosystems on Hainan Island, South China

Forty-six trace elements in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia plant–soil systems at nine sampling sites on Hainan Island were analyzed using ICP-MS. The relationships among the trace elements of the same group or the same periodicity of the Periodic Table in the plants and soils were complex and no consistent patterns were found. More combinations of elements occurred with high positive correlation coefficients within the same periodicity than within the same group of the Periodic Table, and there were more high positive correlations in soils than in plants. However, there were many element combinations in Block d (transition elements) with high positive correlation coefficients in plants. Markedly high positive correlation coefficients between individual rare earth elements and Y and among Zr, Nb, Cd existed in both plants and soils. The dendrograms obtained by cluster analysis show that rare earth elements had very similar occurrence and distribution in both soils and plants. Thus, they behaved as a coherent group of elements both geochemically and biogeochemically. The transition elements were more coherent in plants than in soils.     

Imazaquin degradation and metabolism in a sandy loam soil amended with farm litters

Irnazaquin applied in legume crops has a long residual time in soil, which often impacts safety of the susceptible crops. To increase safety of imazaquin application, two composted litters, bovine manure （BM） and chicken manure （CM）, were used to determine their effects on imazaquin environmental behavior by incorporating each kind of manure into the tested sandy loam soil at 10% （w/w）. The degradation of imazaquin in BM- and CM-amended soil was about 2.4 and 1.5 times, respectively, faster than that in unamended soil. The half-lives of imazaquin in BM-amended soil varied between 6.7 and 15.4 d over the temperature range of 20 to 40℃, and the degradation rate constant （k） increased by a factor of about 1.5 for every 10℃ change. Higher mix ratio did not significantly increase the degradation, and the optimal active degradation of imazaquin was observed approximately at the mix ratio of 10：1 of soil to BM. The different moisture levels had negligible effect on imazaquin degradation. In both unamended and BM-amended treatments, two metabolites were observed at 5, 10 and 30 d after treatment. One metabolite at retention time （RT） of 8.4 rain was identified as 2-（4- hydroxyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl） quinoline acid, originating from the loss of isopropyl group and hydroxylation at the 4-position of imidazolinone ring. The other at RT of 12.9 rain was identified as quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, resulting from detachment of imidazolinone ring and the forming of dicarboxylic anhydride. This finding suggested that the addition of farm litters into soil might be a good management option since it can not only increase soil fertility but also contribute to increase safety of imazaquin application to the following susceptible crops.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

风沙化土地的整治与利用

风沙化是指干旱和半干旱地带以外地表具有风沙活动,并形成风沙地貌景观的过程。风沙化是继沙漠化研究之后的另一分支。风沙化土地既是可利用的土地资源,又是环境污染的物质源地。对风沙化土地宜采取整治与高效利用并举的措施。建设生物工程和发展生态农业是风沙化土地整治和利用的最佳途径。     

土地荒漠化与我国生态移民政策研究

生态移民是把生态环境脆弱地区的人口有计划、有组织地异地搬迁安置,从而达到人口、资源、环境和经济社会的协调发展,是我国实施环境保护基本国策的重要措施之一.通过研究我国的生态移民政策及其实施现状,在分析目前存在的困难和问题的基础上,提出实施生态移民工程所要完善研究的内容和政策措施,以期能够保证我国生态移民工作的顺利推进.     

喀斯特峡谷石漠化地区生态重建模式及其效应

贵州碳酸岩盐出露面积达12万多km^2，占全省国土总面积的73％，是我国喀斯特地貌最发育的省份；山多坡陡，人地矛盾尖锐，生态环境极为脆弱，水土流失和石漠化问题突出，是我国石漠化面积最大、危害最严重的省份。石漠化地区缺水少土，属于造林困难地带和生态治理的重点地区。文章以喀斯特石漠化发育典型的花江大峡谷右岸的贞丰县兴北镇顶坛片区为例，在阐述顶坛片区的自然环境条件及石漠化现状的基础上，详细分析了目前正在实施的几种石漠化生态治理模式，对这几种模式的效益进行了对比研究，指出了它们的优点与存在问题，并提出了相应的对策建议。     

中国土地荒漠化／土地退化的防治与环境保护

荒漠化是当今全球最严重的环境问题之一。结合中国国情来看，荒漠化不仅发生于干旱、半干旱地区；也发生于湿润、半湿润地区。中国已存在的荒漠化土地面积１１１．７万ｋｍ￣２，占国土面积的１１．６％；其中风力作用、水蚀作用和物理及化学作用下的荒漠化土地约各占１／３。另外中国还有易受风力和水力作用影响的潜在荒漠化土地５３．５万ｋｍ￣２和８７．５万ｋｍ￣２，潜在盐渍化土地１７．３万ｋｍ￣２。中国土地荒漠化是在脆弱生态条件下，人口过快增长，人为不合理的经营活动如水资源利用不当、过度开垦、过度放牧、过度樵采，以及工矿建设造成的土地与植被破坏、环境污染等所致，对它的防治实质上就是对退化环境的整治。中国荒漠化土地经过近几十年来的治理，个别地区有所好转，但总体上仍在发展中，因而它是环境保护与持续发展中的重要问题，必须引起重视。在总结中国防治荒漠化经验的基础上，提出了防治荒漠化的基本对策。     

以系统观点讨论中国沙漠化的成因机制及对策

沙漠化已经成为一个威胁人类生存的世界性环境问题。要防治沙漠化，必须先要找出沙漠化的成因。导致土地沙漠化的原因是由于地区生态系统脆弱，外部环境的作用强度很大，超过系统的承受范围而导致系统崩溃。由于全球变化导致气候格局发生变化，中纬度地区趋于干暖化，另上我国境内地形因素的影响，加剧了季风强度，降水分布很不均匀并分布集中，主要集中在7、8两个月份，土地风化淋蚀作用强烈，使得我国西部和北部地区的土地沙漠化现象严重，而人类过度活动和落后的管理体制也在一定程度上加剧了土地的沙漠化。不同地区具有不同的沙漠化特征，从我国实际出发，主要采取适应，预防和治理的策略来防止沙漠化的继续扩展。     

内蒙古沙漠化土地成因与防治

本文着重论述了内蒙古地区沙漠化土地形成主要是人口增加、大量垦荒、过度放牧、滥采、乱挖，滥用水资源等原因，并提出相应的防治措施。     

陕西靖边统万城建城时期地表物质成因与自然环境

为查明距今约1600年的统万城建城时期的自然环境和该古城是否建在风沙沉积之上这一长期争议的问题,对6个钻孔剖面样品进行粒度和X-射线衍射等分析。结果表明：城墙内外地表之下均为湖泊沉积,沉积物特点与风沙沉积物显著不同,主要表现为以下五个方面：（1）沙层含有褐黄色针铁矿;（2）有多个深灰色沉积层;（3）沙层中粗砂含量显著大于风积沙层;（4）沙层中粒度成分的分选性比风积沙层明显差;（5）细粒斑点中Fe₂O₃与Al₂O₃含量比风沙沉积物高。本文获得的证据充分表明,在统万城建城前后,该区自然环境较好,普遍分布的是由湖积物组成的高平地,统万城建在湖积沙层之上。统万城建城时期基本没有发生沙漠化,沙漠化发生在建城之后的一定时期。