资源科学的学科体系——关于资源科学学科建设的研讨

作者认为当代全球日趋严重的资源问题,尤其自然资源方面的问题,重要原因之一是缺乏具有整体理念的现代资源科学理论的引导。因此,发展与建设综合性的现代资源科学的学科群,具有理论与实践的双重意义。为此,作者在阐明什么是资源科学的基础上,对资源科学及其三维网络结构的学科体系进行了探讨,即资源科学包括总论、各论及区域分论三大部分,它们组成资源科学完整的学科体系,并派生出众多的分支学科,构成综合的现代资源科学的学科群。从而为发展资源科学,改进资源管理及改革资源科学教育提供依据。     

固-液异相催化剂在环境科学领域中的应用

异相催化是催化反应的重要组成部分，其应用十分广泛。固一液异相催化作为环境科学领域中的一项比较新颖的技术，在研究污染物在多介质环境中的迁移转化行为、开发受污染环境修复及污废水处理新技术等诸多方面都具有很大的发展潜力。因此，对不同类型固一液异相催化剂在环境科学领域的应用研究逐渐成为国内外环境科学领域的研究热点之一。其中，金属和金属氧化物因对某些氧化一还原反应具有较好的催化作用，在饮用水脱氮、污废水脱卤及深度氧化处理等水处理领域的应用较为广泛；固态酸催化剂能催化聚合、裂化、水解反应，因此与某些有机污染物的降解密切相关；将同相催化剂固定化为异相催化剂，同样成为新技术开发的方向之一；天然催化剂对污染物在多介质环境中行为影响的研究近年来也屡有发表。此外，载体因对催化剂的活性及应用具有重要影响，也日益受到关注。文章对环境科学领域中固一液异相催化剂的应用研究进行了综述。     

Hierarchical Bayesian space-time models

Space-time data are ubiquitous in the environmental sciences. Often, as is the case with atmo- spheric and oceanographic processes, these data contain many different scales of spatial and temporal variability. Such data are often non-stationary in space and time and may involve many observation/prediction locations. These factors can limit the effectiveness of traditional space- time statistical models and methods. In this article, we propose the use of hierarchical space-time models to achieve more flexible models and methods for the analysis of environmental data distributed in space and time. The first stage of the hierarchical model specifies a measurement- error process for the observational data in terms of some 'state' process. The second stage allows for site-specific time series models for this state variable. This stage includes large-scale (e.g. seasonal) variability plus a space-time dynamic process for the anomalies'. Much of our interest is with this anomaly proc ess. In the third stage, the parameters of these time series models, which are distributed in space, are themselves given a joint distribution with spatial dependence (Markov random fields). The Bayesian formulation is completed in the last two stages by speci- fying priors on parameters. We implement the model in a Markov chain Monte Carlo framework and apply it to an atmospheric data set of monthly maximum temperature.     

农村防震减灾工作的重要意义和当前几项紧迫的工作

本文简要从地震科普的角度阐述了在农村推进防震减灾工作的重要意义,并试述当前几项紧迫的工作,强调了群众参与的意义。     

以绿色科技推动人与自然的和谐发展

科技是把双刃剑,它在推动人类进步的同时也造成了许多生态环境问题,使人与自然关系的冲突不断升级.在倡导人与自然的和谐发展的21世纪,必须充分发挥科技的积极作用,消除或减小其负面效应.绿色科技作为一种人与自然双赢的科学技术,是通向可持续发展的必由之路.大力发展绿色技术的根本目的在于努力减少或减轻科技对环境和生态的消极影响,促进人与自然的和谐发展.本文在阐述绿色科技概念与内涵的基础上,分析了绿色科技在人与自然和谐发展中的地位和作用,并探讨了如何在中国发展绿色科技及绿色科技产业.     

可持续发展中的资源系统

资源是可持续发展之本，研究资源问题离不开生态环境，人口和经济增长方式等诸因素，这是一个有序的资源复合动态系统，我们必须从战略的高度来审视这一问题，加强对资源科学的研究。     

论增强防灾减灾综合实力的科技支撑

我国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一.发挥科技进步的支撑作用,提高防灾减灾的综合能力是保障我国经济持续快速发展,构建和谐社会的必然选择.通过对国内外防灾减灾科技应用与建设的现状和成功经验的分析,找出了我国在这方面存在的主要问题,提出了增强我国防灾减灾科技支撑的对策建议.     

广东省农业现代化科技示范区的能值分析与评价指标研究

为了从生态经济学角度揭示农业现代化示范区园区的生态经济运行质量,探索一条能更客观、更简单地评价农业科技园区的新途径,文章运用能值理论和方法,分析和评价了广东省农业现代化科技示范区的能值投资率、能值产出率、能值密度、人均能值用量、环境负载率、能值生产率、每万元产值消耗能值和基于能值分析的可持续发展指数等指标,并从中筛选出其能值评价的主要指标。主要结果如下,(1)从2000—2004年,广东省农业现代化科技示范区的总投入能值和总产出能值呈现快速增加的趋势,能值密度和环境负载率持续增加,人均能值使用量,能值投资率和能值生产率呈波动增加的趋势,而能值产出率,可持续发展指数和每万元产值消耗能值呈波动下降的趋势。这说明该示范区总体上呈现快速发展的趋势,经济实力和科技竞争力不断增加。(2)本研究运用主成分分析法、因子分析法和实证对比研究法提出评价农业现代化科技示范区的最佳指标是人均能值使用量和环境负载率。     

The Irish Sea: towards a more effective science strategy

The Irish Sea’s distinctive hydrographic features present unique opportunities for research into the complex processes that regulate shelf-sea ecosystems. Such studies are essential in developing capabilities to detect and evaluate change in marine environments. A 1993 review showed almost 230 projects underway on the Irish Sea, spanning all the major fields of marine science. But a large proportion of research projects failed to indicate the purpose of the work; overall, there was a remarkable absence of clarity and specificity in the objectives. Progress in some fields is also hampered by insufficient coordination and cohesion; at present there are no standing arrangements between Ireland and the United Kingdom that provide for bilateral co-ordination of scientific work in the area. There is clearly a need for a more planned and integrated Irish Sea science programme to provide information for management purposes and also to advance scientific understanding of the components and functions of Irish Sea ecosystems, and how and why they change with time. There is a common belief that the first of these predominantly involves monitoring, and the second research. However, the paper cautions that this is a dubious and unnecessary distinction. A strategy aimed at better integration of research and monitoring (e.g. a framework of linked objectives and targets) could substantially increase the information dividend from current investments in Irish Sea science. Based on a joint Irish/UK review, this paper outlines studies and approaches that are seen as key elements of a future, more relevant and cost-effective research programme for the Irish Sea.     

中国安全科学技术的新进步

1978年以来,我国国民生产总值增长了1.87倍,职工人数增加约1/3,工业千人死亡率和重伤率分别减少50％60％,其主要原因是安全科学技术的进步。它表现为:安全管理技术、关键的职业安全技术、安全法规标准、安全教育培训以及安全学术交流等方面有新的发展。文章就上述新进步作了简要论述。