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21世纪资源环境科学面临的挑战 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
宋瑞祥 《中国人口.资源与环境》2001,11(1):3-7
21世纪资源与环境科学面临的重大挑战是正确认识经济建设与资源、环境的协调关系,这方面地质科学将发挥重大的作用。本文分析了地质科学对社会经济发展的巨大推动作用,指出了21世纪地质科学面临的重大任务。 相似文献
903.
朱爱虹 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2001,(2)
本文从分析档案工作的重要性入手,提出了搞好档案工作要坚持面向社会、面向科技、面向未来的工作思路,以此推动档案事业的健康发展,充分发挥其在国民经济和人民生活中应有的效益。 相似文献
904.
We examined features of citizen science that influence data quality, inferential power, and usefulness in ecology. As background context for our examination, we considered topics such as ecological sampling (probability based, purposive, opportunistic), linkage between sampling technique and statistical inference (design based, model based), and scientific paradigms (confirmatory, exploratory). We distinguished several types of citizen science investigations, from intensive research with rigorous protocols targeting clearly articulated questions to mass-participation internet-based projects with opportunistic data collection lacking sampling design, and examined overarching objectives, design, analysis, volunteer training, and performance. We identified key features that influence data quality: project objectives, design and analysis, and volunteer training and performance. Projects with good designs, trained volunteers, and professional oversight can meet statistical criteria to produce high-quality data with strong inferential power and therefore are well suited for ecological research objectives. Projects with opportunistic data collection, little or no sampling design, and minimal volunteer training are better suited for general objectives related to public education or data exploration because reliable statistical estimation can be difficult or impossible. In some cases, statistically robust analytical methods, external data, or both may increase the inferential power of certain opportunistically collected data. Ecological management, especially by government agencies, frequently requires data suitable for reliable inference. With standardized protocols, state-of-the-art analytical methods, and well-supervised programs, citizen science can make valuable contributions to conservation by increasing the scope of species monitoring efforts. Data quality can be improved by adhering to basic principles of data collection and analysis, designing studies to provide the data quality required, and including suitable statistical expertise, thereby strengthening the science aspect of citizen science and enhancing acceptance by the scientific community and decision makers. 相似文献
905.
Science denialism retards evidenced-based policy and practice and should be challenged. It has been a particular concern for mitigating global environmental issues, such as anthropogenic climate change. But allegations of science denialism must also be well founded and evidential or they risk eroding public trust in science and scientists. Recently, 77 published works by scholars, scientists, and science writers were identified as containing invasive species denialism (ISD; i.e., rejection of well-supported facts about invasive species, particularly the global scientific consensus about their negative impacts). We reevaluated 75 of these works but could find no examples of refutation of scientific facts and only 5 articles with text perhaps consistent with one of the 5 characteristics of science denialism. We found, therefore, that allegations of ISD were misplaced. These accusations of science denialism may have arisen because invasion biology defines its subjects—invasive species—based on multiple subjective and normative judgments. Thus, more than other applied sciences its consensus is one of shared values as much as agreed knowledge. Criticisms of invasion biology have largely targeted those subjective and normative judgments and their global imposition, not the knowledge on which the discipline is based. Regrettably, a few invasion biologists have misinterpreted the critique of their values-based consensus as a denial of their science when it is not. To make invasion biology a more robust and widely accepted science and to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings and conflicts, invasion biologists could be more accepting of perspectives originating from other disciplines and more open to values-based critique from scholars and scientists outside their field. This recommendation applies to all conservation sciences, especially those addressing global challenges, because these sciences must serve and be relevant to communities with an extraordinary diversity of cultures and values. 相似文献
906.
William S. Lynn Francisco Santiago-Ávila Joann Lindenmayer John Hadidian Arian Wallach Barbara J. King 《Conservation biology》2019,33(4):769-776
Some conservationists believe that free-ranging cats pose an enormous risk to biodiversity and public health and therefore should be eliminated from the landscape by any means necessary. They further claim that those who question the science or ethics behind their arguments are science deniers (merchants of doubt) seeking to mislead the public. As much as we share a commitment to conservation of biodiversity and wild nature, we believe these ideas are wrong and fuel an unwarranted moral panic over cats. Those who question the ecological or epidemiological status of cats are not science deniers, and it is a false analogy to compare them with corporate and right-wing special interests that perpetrate disinformation campaigns over issues, such as smoking and climate change. There are good conservation and public-health reasons and evidence to be skeptical that free-ranging cats constitute a disaster for biodiversity and human health in all circumstances. Further, there are significant and largely unaddressed ethical and policy issues (e.g., the ethics and efficacy of lethal management) relative to how people ought to value and coexist with cats and native wildlife. Society is better served by a collaborative approach to produce better scientific and ethical knowledge about free-ranging cats. 相似文献
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土壤矿质胶体对镉的吸附-解吸热力学与动力学研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过等温吸附-解吸热力学与动力学实验,研究了土壤胶体对镉的吸持特性.结果表明,吸附等温线拟合以Freundlich方程最优,其次是Langmuir方程.按对镉的吸附量由大到小顺序胶体依次是:紫色土矿质胶体(8 216.34 mg/kg)、黄壤矿质胶体(6 468.11 mg/kg)、紫色土去铁矿质胶体(4 963.13 mg/kg)和黄壤去铁矿质胶体(2 342.83mg/kg).而吸附强度则相反,按解吸率大小胶体依次是:紫色土去铁矿质胶体(8.7%~33.9%)、黄壤去铁矿质胶体(2.2%~25.4%)、紫色土矿质胶体(6.8%~18.9%)和黄壤矿质胶体(0.6%~17.7%).由动力学实验得出:土壤矿质胶体对镉的等温吸附-解吸过程分为开始时的快速反应阶段和随后的慢速反应阶段,吸附和解吸过程中两阶段划分时间点分别为4 h和12 h,动力学过程以双常数方程描述最佳. 相似文献
910.