Seasonal characteristics of haze observed by continuous visibility monitoring in the urban atmosphere of Kwangju, Korea

Continuous visibility monitoring has been carried out inKwangju, Korea since May 1999. The total light extinctioncoefficient b _ext measured by a transmissometer andreveals seasonal trends in urban visual air quality,especially under hazy conditions with a visual range of lessthan 15 km. Seasonal atmospheric visibility under lowrelative humidity during the winter was observed to be betterthan during any other seasons. Summertime visibility wasseverely degraded due to highly increased light scattering byhygroscopic particles under high humidity atmosphericconditions. Visibility during spring and fall was alsomoderate. However, yellow sand in spring caused the lowestvisibility conditions over the measurement area for a fewdays. With continuous monitoring using the transmissometer,the daily average seasonal visual range was measured to be13.1, 9.2, 11.0, and 13.9 km in spring, summer, falland winter, respectively. Under the atmospheric humiditycondition less than 60%, visual range was observed tobe 16.1, 13.9, 15.1, and 16.6 km in spring, summer,fall, and winter, respectively. The mean light extinctionbudget by sulfate and nitrate aerosols was determined to bethe highest value of 63.71% during the summer and thelowest value of 27.08% during spring. During the `yellow sand dust' period, a mean light extinction budget by soil particles was estimated to be at an unusually high value of 44.22%.     

Study of Meteorological Aspects and Urban Concentration of SO2 in Atmospheric Environment of La Plata, Argentina

This article presents and discusses SO₂ (ppbv) concentration measurements combined with meteorological data (mainly wind speed and direction) for a five-year campaign (1996 to 2000), in a site near an oil refinery plant close to the city of La Plata and surroundings (aprox. 740.000 inh.), considered one of the six most affected cities by air pollution in the country. Since there is no monitoring network in the area, the obtained results should be considered as medium term accumulated data that enables to determine trends by analyzing together gas concentrations and meteorological parameters. Preliminary characterization of the behaviour of the predominant winds of the region in relation with potential atmospheric gas pollutants from seasonal wind roses is possible to carry out from the data. These results are complemented with monthly averaged SO₂ measurements. In particular, for year 2000, pollutant roses were determined which enable predictions about contamination emission sources. As a general result we can state that there is a clear increase in annual SO₂ concentration and that the selected site should be considered as a key site for future survey monitoring network deployment. Annual SO₂ average concentration and prevailing seasonal winds determined in this work, together with the potential health impact of SO₂ reveals the need for a comprehensive and systematic study involving particulate matter an other basic pollutant gases.     

Biological complexity confounds the separation of point- and non-point sources of human impact on the natural world

Identifying process from pattern is one of the most vexing tasks inenvironmental monitoring. Given information on the distribution of speciesin a pre-defined area, together with comprehensive data on how environmentalconditions in that area have altered through time, is it possible toidentify the factors controlling the species‘ layout? Here, the practicalsignificance of this quandary is demonstrated using a series ofenvironmentally-degraded coastal lagoons in New South Wales. The TuggerahLakes (33°17′S,151°30′E) have over the last 50 yearsexperienced significant changes in species‘ distributions. Seagrasses,macroalgae, phytoplankton, molluscs, prawns and the jellyfish Catostylus mosaicus have altered in spatial pattern. Two human activitieshave been blamed for these perturbations: (1) agricultural clearance ofnative vegetation from the catchment, with associated input of top-soil andnutrients; (2) the commissioning of a coal-fired power station in 1967, withmassive uptake and recirculation of lake water for cooling purposes. In thispaper, spatial changes in macrophyte distributions over the last 50 yearsare reviewed in an attempt to identify the true source(s) of perturbation.The model adopted assumes that the power station is a point source of impactwhile nutrient inputs from the catchment are a diffuse source of impact;changes in species distributions can hypothetically be related back to thesesources according to whether they are localised or widespread. However,after a comprehensive analysis of available macrophyte data derived frominterviews, aerial photography and line transect methodologyies theconclusion is reached that changes in biogeographical pattern around theTuggerah Lakes cannot be attributed to specific anthropogenic pressures atanything beyond the coarsest of levels. This is considered to be the normfor most coastal management situations where natural background variation(’noise‘) and the complexity of linkages between physical, chemical andbiological components confounds the identification of causal relationships.The practical implications of this conclusion are discussed in the contextof litigation and remedial management design. Emphasis is placed on theneed to adopt an adaptive approach to estuarine management, incorporatingexplicit recognition of the limitations of available data, and to developnew techniques for identifying cause-effect relationships.     

安徽张八岭地区构造演化及动力学

对张八岭地区的构造特征、演化及其动力学有不同解释。通过1：5万张八岭幅、珠龙幅区域地质调查．从地层、岩石组合、岩石化学、岩浆岩、构造变形和变质等研究认为．该区从中新元古代起，经历了成谷、沉积．下沉、顺层剪切、深部熔融、塑性流动、层间褶皱．叠加折劈、宽缓褶曲、逆掩推覆，壳层滑动、熔融成浆、聚浆热隆、侵入或喷发．剥蚀夷平、堆积充填等铸成现今地貌景观．引起上述构造特征和演化的动力源自重力、热力和地球自转速率变化的惯性离心力等的结合与转化，它们在每个阶段各自所起的作用不同，就产生不同构造特征，推动区域构造演化．     

Differential N uptake by maize cultivars and soil nitrate dynamics under N fertilization in West Africa

Nitrate is prone to leaching in the sandy soils of the West African moist savannas. Better management of nitrogen (N) resources and maize cultivars with enhanced genetic capacity to capture and utilize soil and fertilizer N are strategies that could improve N-use efficiency. In two field experiments conducted at Zaria, northern Nigeria, five maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars planted early in the season were assessed under various N levels for differences in N uptake, soil N dynamics, and related N losses. Cultivar TZB-SR accumulated more N in the aboveground plant parts in both years than the other cultivars. All, except the semi-prolific late (SPL) variety, met about 50–60% of their N demand by the time of silking (64–69 DAP). In both years, SPL had the greatest capacity to take up N during the grain filling period, and it had the highest grain-N concentration and the least apparent N loss through leaching in the second year. There were no significant differences in soil N dynamics among cultivars in both years. At harvest, the residual N in the upper 90 cm of the profile under all the cultivars ranged from 56 to 72 kg ha⁻¹ in the first year and from 73 to 83 kg ha⁻¹ in the second year. Apparent N loss from 0 to 90 cm soil profile through leaching ranged from 35 to 122 kg ha⁻¹ in both years. N application significantly increased N uptake by more than 30% at all sampling dates in the second year of the experiment, but had no effect on apparent N loss. Results indicate that the use of maize cultivars with high N uptake capacity during the grain filling period when maximum leaching losses occur could enhance N recovery and may be effective in reducing leaching losses of mineral N in the moist savanna soils.     

长江口九段沙湿地原生植被的保护及开发利用

研究了长江口九段沙湿地的原生植被,结果表明,九段沙湿地植被多行无性繁殖;植物种群数量少,同一种群中多同生群植物;植物群落结构简单、群落演替的原生特征明显;植被的相对密度大、生物量高,植物中多属可开发利用的资源植物,具有开发利用的潜在特性;九段沙原生植被在上海市、江苏省的部分地域的空气质量改善过程中起着重要作用;其湿地植被一旦得以生态型开发利用,有利于营造一个鸟类栖息、觅食的乐园,可减缓浦东国际机场迁徙鸟类活动的压力。提出了保护和开发利用九段沙原生植被必须遵循的原则。     

环境模型的统计评价

系统地探讨了评价模型的统计指标,并在BOD反应动力学模型中使用,取得了较好的效果。     

电催化氧化技术处理硝基苯废水的试验研究

用实验室自制的活性炭粒子填充电极电催化氧化反应器对模拟硝基苯废水进行了降解处理。初步探讨电催化氧化反应的机理,考察了电流强度、反应时间、进水浓度等对硝基苯去除率的影响。用一元线性回归方程对不同初始浓度和电流强度降解后硝基苯的相对残余浓度对反应时间的相关性进行了分析,结果发现相关系数大于临界相关系数,硝基苯的降解符合表观一级反应动力学模型,求出了各反应条件下的一级速率常数。通过用spss软件分析,表明不同的初始浓度和电流强度下ln(C0/C)对时间的相关性显著。实验结果表明,在本实验条件下,硝基苯的去除率达到95%以上,能有效的催化降解硝基苯。     

秦皇岛近海养殖区域夜光藻种群动态与环境温度的关系

本文通过对秦皇岛近海养殖区夜光藻的调查,分析研究了夜光藻种群的动态与温度变化的关系。结论:夜光藻在秦皇岛近海养殖区内出现在3月份,并在7月份出现密度高峰,9—10月份偶有出现,11—2月份则未出现。夜光藻最高密度出现的温度为25—26℃,夜光藻在秦皇岛近海的出现及7月份的密度高峰与水温的变化密切相关。