常德市酸雨化学特征、趋势分析及控制对策

常德市是中南地区酸雨污染最为严重的城市之一。以常德市2004年至2006年的降雨连续监测数据为基础,应用统计学相关分析的方法,对常德市158次降雨的变化特征进行了分析和研究。结果表明,常德市降雨酸度呈波动性变化,近3年的降雨pH年均值都在5．4以下,对降雨中离子含量的分析可知,酸雨主要为硫酸型,有向硫酸和硝酸混合型转化的趋势。降雨中的主要离子浓度和通量在冬、春季节高于夏、秋季节,降雨中阴阳离子极不平衡,[SO4^2-]和[Ca^2＋]浓度对降雨离子的平衡有较大的影响。常德市的净酸度沉积量在2004年高达199．29meq m^-2yr^-1,而从2004年-2006年,净酸度沉积量和离子沉降总通量均在逐年降低,表明常德市降雨酸化现象有所缓和．     

光催化氧化法处理化工废水的测试

本研究通过将UV、O3催化剂等主要条件单独或协同降解化工废水,对比了各反应的降解率,探讨了O3与催化剂在光催化反应中的重要作用。并通过简单的反应动力学分析,证明在各反应初期,溶液中有机物的降解基本符合一级反应。UV／O3共同作用表现了有机物降解的巨大潜力,使反应速率和降解率较其他体系有明显的提高。催化剂／UV／O3三者组合也加快了反应速率,不过对于废水中COD的去除催化剂并未体现出明显优势,但催化剂与UV／O3的组合明显提高了废水中总氮的去除率。     

Seasonal Variations of Trace Metal Chemical Forms in Bed Sediments of a Karstic River in Lebanon: Implications for Self-purification

Although Lebanon has abundant water, its rivers are polluted and aquifer water mismanaged. Effective river water usage requires an understanding of the geochemistry of polluting metals in catchments. Climate is “Mediterranean”: wet winters and dry summers. Active sediment flushing is restricted to winter high discharge episodes. Except in winter, water column pollutants are removed by precipitation or sorption to the surface of static bed sediments. Hence (1) does winter flushing of contaminated sediment and replacement by clean sediment favour self purification? (2) does the distribution of metals between extractable fractions change seasonally and thereby affect metal bioavailability ? Results on the distribution of metals are reported for Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in bed sediments from Nahr Ibrahim (a karstic river) for summer and winter. A Tessier-like sequential extraction scheme was applied to samples (< 75 μm) for five locations along a 13 km stretch to the sea. Water pH was above 8.2 at all locations implying a very low solubility for Fe. Sediment was derived from catchment soils and limestone. Total sediment Fe increased in winter at all sites following deposition of eroded soil from upstream. Cadmium, Cu and Pb derived from polluting sources; the sources of Zn were more complex. Dilution by clean sediment explained winter reductions in total Cd, Cu and Pb; Zn changes were less consistent. Iron occurred mostly (> 77 sum of fractions) in the residual fraction compared with 6– 31 for pollutants; residual Cu and Zn showed a small increase in winter whereas Cd and Pb did not change. All readily exchangeable metals decreased in winter and the carbonate bound forms predominated in both seasons. Nahr Ibrahim has a high capacity for self purification and metal resolubilisation from sediment will be limited by the solubility of carbonate forms.     

Some characteristics of plutonium distribution in the atmospheric air and plants in the zone surrounding the Mayak Production Association

The results of long-term studies on plutonium distribution in the atmospheric air and plants in the area surrounding the Mayak Production Association in the years 1976–1995 are summarized. Data are presented on the changes in plutonium concentration in the air overtime at some points located in the survey zone and the impact zone of the industrial enterprise as compared to those in the control region. In addition, data on the changes in air plutonium concentration depending on the season and direction of wind are presented; the ratios between plutonium concentrations in the air and the fallout are analyzed.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 20–25.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Chudin, Shcherbakova, Maslovskii, Kocheva, Iovlev, Denisenko, Demin, Mamin, Chebotina.     

大气扩散计算流体力学模型综合评估方法研究

模型评估方法研究是模型研发工作的重要组成部分。基于科学性验证与统计性确认提出了大气扩散CFD模型的综合确认评估方法,通过示例的方式展示了方法的使用效果。综合确认评估方法可以提高模型筛选的速度,降低统计性评估对确认性试验数据的需求量,从总体上提高模型确认的效率。评估理论的研究有助于提高基于模型的大气扩散研究的准确性,也有利于高精度模型和试验的设计、开发与遴选。     

Repeatability study of replicate crash tests: A signal analysis approach

Objective: To provide an objective basis on which to evaluate the repeatability of vehicle crash test methods, a recently developed signal analysis method was used to evaluate correlation of sensor time history data between replicate vehicle crash tests. The goal of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of rollover crash tests performed with the Dynamic Rollover Test System (DRoTS) relative to other vehicle crash test methods.

Methods: Test data from DRoTS tests, deceleration rollover sled (DRS) tests, frontal crash tests, frontal offset crash tests, small overlap crash tests, small overlap impact (SOI) crash tests, and oblique crash tests were obtained from the literature and publicly available databases (the NHTSA vehicle database and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TechData) to examine crash test repeatability.

Results: Signal analysis of the DRoTS tests showed that force and deformation time histories had good to excellent repeatability, whereas vehicle kinematics showed only fair repeatability due to the vehicle mounting method for one pair of tests and slightly dissimilar mass properties (2.2%) in a second pair of tests. Relative to the DRS, the DRoTS tests showed very similar or higher levels of repeatability in nearly all vehicle kinematic data signals with the exception of global X′ (road direction of travel) velocity and displacement due to the functionality of the DRoTS fixture. Based on the average overall scoring metric of the dominant acceleration, DRoTS was found to be as repeatable as all other crash tests analyzed. Vertical force measures showed good repeatability and were on par with frontal crash barrier forces. Dynamic deformation measures showed good to excellent repeatability as opposed to poor repeatability seen in SOI and oblique deformation measures.

Conclusions: Using the signal analysis method as outlined in this article, the DRoTS was shown to have the same or better repeatability of crash test methods used in government regulatory and consumer evaluation test protocols.     

艾比湖流域河流水化学季节特征及空间格局研究

基于2016年5月和10月两次野外水质数据,综合应用空间分析和多元统计方法,系统分析了艾比湖流域河水水质的季节性特征及空间分布格局.结果表明:流域大部分地表水的SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-和HCO_3~-浓度并无显著差异,水化学类型处于水化学类型易变的区域.但结合Piper图可以初步判断艾比湖周边的水化学类型为SO_4~(2-)-Na~+型,精河及博尔塔拉河为HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)-Ca~(2+)-Na~+型,奎屯河为SO_4~(2-)-Cl~--Na~+型.流域水化学组成整体的自然起源主要受自身蒸发-结晶作用与以碳酸盐岩为主的风化溶解作用的共同影响,大气降水的输入作用十分微弱.10月河流部分地区受农业、工业等人类活动影响,说明人为因素对流域内的水化学组成产生影响.结果研究可以为艾比湖流域水环境管理提供科学依据.     

基于DMSP/OLS数据的区域碳排放时空动态研究

选取IPCC碳排放核算方法并基于能源统计数据,核算了我国大陆30个省市的能源消耗碳排放量,利用纠正后的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据与相应空间单元的碳排放量进行回归分析,反演出1km×1km栅格的电力消耗碳排放量并分析其在地级市尺度上的时空变化.核算出2005年、2010年和2013年能源消耗排放总量分别为57.02,82.28和93.26亿t,其中电力碳排放量分别为23.03,35.62和42.07亿t.结果表明：校正后的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据能更好地估算碳排放,其DN总值与统计的省级能源消耗排放量、电力消耗排放量均存在较强的相关关系;整体而言,发达地区能源消耗排放量大但强度比较低.     

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs)(denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2) at different nitrogen loading rates(NLRs) varying from(0.24 ± 0.01) to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline(TPU) carriers and another(SBBR2) filled with polyurethane foam(PU) carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of(0.24 ± 0.01) g N/(L·day), the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day), the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia(FA) under extreme condition NLR(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.     

长江口潮滩表层沉积物中微塑料的分布及沉降特点

河口区域是污染物的源头与交汇的区域.为探索微塑料在长江口潮滩的污染现状,本文选取长江口6个采样点、4个季度的潮滩沉积物进行采样分析,长江口潮滩沉积物中微塑料检测结果显示的平均丰度为(3.42±1.31)items·g~(-1),有纤维状和碎片状两种存在形式,其中纤维状占主要部分.微塑料在潮滩沉积物中的分布与沉降和长江口冲淤情况有着高度一致性,在沉积物冲刷地段位点微塑料丰度较低,在沉积物淤积位点微塑料丰度较高.长江口潮滩沉积物中微塑料丰度在1月达到最高值,且在1月和4月各位点差异较大,在7月和11月差异较小.再悬浮实验表明,微塑料主要在表层沉积物和水中积聚.本文结果表明,长江口潮滩沉积物受到一定程度的微塑料污染,微塑料在潮滩的积聚与长江口冲淤、降水和潮汐等因素密切相关.本文的结果可以为长江口潮滩表层沉积物中微塑料的污染研究提供一定的基础数据.